Hussain Shah Syed Imran, Seehar Tahir Hussain, Raashid Muhammad, Nawaz Rab, Masood Zafar, Mukhtar Sara, Al Johani Thamer Abdulhameed, Doyle Anthony, Bashir Muhammad Nasir, Ali Mmuhammad Mahmood, Kalam M A
National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBA&E), Lahore, Pakistan.
Department of Energy and Environment Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Heliyon. 2024 Aug 23;10(17):e36758. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36758. eCollection 2024 Sep 15.
In this study, biocrude was successfully produced by the hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal solid waste collected from the landfill site of Lahore, the capital of Punjab, Pakistan, boasting a population of 12 million and an annual waste collection of 10 million tons. The hydrothermal liquefaction process was performed at reaction parameters of 350 °C and 165 bars with 15 min of residence time. The solid waste was found to have 78 % dry matter, 22 % moisture contents, 22.2 % ash, 22.69 MJ/kg higher heating value, 52.062 % C, 8.007 % H, 0.764 % N, and 39.164 % O. Non-catalytic process only produced 10.57 % oil, however when using the catalytic process, the biocrude yield improved to 17.61 %, with 22.61 % energy recovery for biocrude and 12.14 % for solids, when using 2 g dose of KCO. The resultant biocrude has a 28.61 MJ/kg higher heating value, having 60.28 % C and 9.28 % H. In contrast, the aqueous phase generated had 4.43 pH, 71.5 g/L TOC, and 1.35 g/L Total Nitrogen. TGA indicated that biocrude contains approximately 80 % of volatile fractions of different fuels. The organic compounds having the six highest peak areas in GC-MS were Ethyl ether 25.74 %, 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl 9.08 %, 2-propanone, 1,1-dimethoxy 5.62 %, Silane, dimethyl (docosyloxy) butoxy 5.08 %, 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl 4.53 %, and. Phenol 4.07 %. This work makes the first-ever successful use of indigenous solid waste from a landfill dumping site in Lahore to successfully produce useful biocrude with aims of waste reduction and management, circular economy, and energy recovery.
在本研究中，通过对从巴基斯坦旁遮普省首府拉合尔的垃圾填埋场收集的城市固体废物进行水热液化，成功制备了生物原油。拉合尔人口达1200万，每年垃圾收集量为1000万吨。水热液化过程在350℃和165巴的反应参数下进行，停留时间为15分钟。发现该固体废物含有78%的干物质、22%的水分、22.2%的灰分、22.69兆焦/千克的高热值、52.062%的碳、8.007%的氢、0.764%的氮和39.164%的氧。非催化过程仅产生10.57%的油，然而，当使用催化过程时，生物原油产率提高到17.61%，当使用2克剂量的KCO时，生物原油的能量回收率为22.61%，固体的能量回收率为12.14%。所得生物原油的高热值为28.61兆焦/千克，含60.28%的碳和9.28%的氢。相比之下，产生的水相的pH值为4.43，总有机碳含量为71.5克/升，总氮含量为1.35克/升。热重分析表明，生物原油含有约80%的不同燃料的挥发性成分。气相色谱-质谱联用仪中六个最高峰面积的有机化合物分别为：乙醚25.74%、2-戊酮、4-羟基-4-甲基9.08%、2-丙酮、1,1-二甲氧基5.62%、硅烷、二甲基（二十二烷氧基）丁氧基5.08%、1-己醇、2-乙基4.53%和苯酚4.07%。这项工作首次成功利用拉合尔垃圾倾倒场的本地固体废物，成功生产出有用的生物原油，旨在减少废物和进行废物管理、实现循环经济以及回收能源。
