World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
J Infect Dis. 2024 Sep 23;230(3):533-542. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiae379.
Since the resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, during 2021, these viruses have spread widely among birds worldwide, causing poultry outbreaks and infections of a wide range of terrestrial and marine mammal species. During 2024, HPAI A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, was detected in dairy cattle for the first time and caused an ongoing multistate outbreak, with high levels of virus documented in raw cow milk. Human infections with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses from exposures to infected poultry or dairy cattle have resulted in a wide spectrum of illness severity, from conjunctivitis or mild respiratory illness to severe and fatal pneumonia in different countries. Vigilance, and stronger global virologic surveillance among birds, poultry, terrestrial and marine mammals, and humans, with virus characterization and rapid data sharing, is needed to inform the threat of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, as they continue to evolve, to public health.
自 2021 年高致病性禽流感（HPAI）A(H5N1)病毒的 2.3.4.4b 分支再次出现以来，这些病毒已在全球范围内广泛传播，导致家禽暴发疫情，并感染了广泛的陆地和海洋哺乳动物物种。在 2024 年，2.3.4.4b 分支的 HPAI A(H5N1)病毒首次在奶牛中被检测到，并引发了一场持续的多州暴发疫情，在生牛乳中记录到高水平的病毒。从接触受感染的家禽或奶牛感染 2.3.4.4b 分支病毒的人类，其疾病严重程度从结膜炎或轻度呼吸道疾病到不同国家的严重和致命肺炎不等。需要保持警惕，加强对鸟类、家禽、陆地和海洋哺乳动物以及人类的全球病毒学监测，对病毒进行特征描述并快速共享数据，以了解 2.3.4.4b 分支病毒不断进化对公共卫生的威胁。
