Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA.
Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA 98421, USA.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2024 Oct 16;26(10):1760-1779. doi: 10.1039/d4em00117f.
In urban to peri-urban watersheds such as those surrounding San Francisco Bay, stormwater runoff is a major pathway by which contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the occurrence of 154 organic contaminants liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and a suite of novel urban stormwater tracers (SWCECs; , vehicle-derived chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals/personal care products, benzothiazoles/benzotriazoles). Time-averaged composite sampling focused on storms in highly developed watersheds over four wet seasons, with complementary sampling in less-urban reference watersheds, near-shore estuarine sites, and the open Bay. Of the targeted contaminants, 68 (21 SWCECs, 29 OPEs, 3 bisphenols, 15 PFASs) were detected in ≥10 of 26 urban stormwater samples. Median concentrations exceeded 500 ng L for 1,3-diphenylguanidine, hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine, and caffeine, and exceeded 300 ng L for 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 5-methyl-1-benzotriazole, pentachlorophenol, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Median individual PFAS concentrations were <10 ng L, with highest concentrations for PFHxA (180 ng L), PFOA (110 ng L), and PFOS (81 ng L). In six of eight urban stormwater samples analyzed for 6PPD-quinone (a tire rubber-derived transformation product), concentrations exceeded coho salmon acute toxicity thresholds, suggesting (sub)lethal impacts for sensitive species. Observed concentrations were generally significantly higher in highly developed watersheds relative to reference watersheds, but not statistically different in near-shore estuarine sites, suggesting substantial transient exposure potential at stormwater outfalls or creek outflows. Results emphasized the role of stormwater in contaminant transport, the importance of vehicles/roadways as contaminant sources, and the value of monitoring broad multi-analyte contaminant suites to enable comprehensive source and toxicity evaluations.
在旧金山湾区等城市到城郊流域，雨水径流是污染物进入水生生态系统的主要途径之一。我们使用液相色谱-串联质谱法评估了 154 种有机污染物的存在情况，包括有机磷酸酯（OPEs）、双酚、全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）以及一系列新型城市雨水示踪剂（SWCECs；车辆衍生化学品、农药、药品/个人护理产品、苯并噻唑/苯并三唑）。时间平均复合采样集中在四个湿季高度发达的流域中的风暴上，在较不发达的参考流域、近岸河口站点和开阔的海湾进行了补充采样。在所针对的污染物中，26 个城市雨水样本中有 68 个（21 个 SWCECs、29 个 OPEs、3 个双酚、15 个 PFASs）被检测到。1,3-二苯胍、六（甲氧基甲基）三聚氰胺和咖啡因的中位数浓度超过 500ng/L，2-羟基苯并噻唑、5-甲基-1-苯并三唑、五氯苯酚和三（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯的中位数浓度超过 300ng/L。个别 PFAS 的中位数浓度<10ng/L，其中 PFHxA（180ng/L）、PFOA（110ng/L）和 PFOS（81ng/L）浓度最高。在分析的六个城市雨水样本中有六个样本中 6PPD-醌（一种轮胎橡胶衍生的转化产物）浓度超过了银大麻哈鱼的急性毒性阈值，这表明（亚）致死影响对敏感物种有影响。在高度发达的流域中观察到的浓度通常明显高于参考流域，但在近岸河口站点中没有统计学差异，这表明在雨水出水口或小溪出水口存在大量的瞬态暴露潜力。结果强调了雨水在污染物运输中的作用、车辆/道路作为污染物来源的重要性，以及监测广泛的多分析物污染物套件以进行全面的源和毒性评估的价值。
