College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
Fish Physiol Biochem. 2024 Dec;50(6):2583-2604. doi: 10.1007/s10695-024-01404-8. Epub 2024 Sep 19.
In order to evaluate the effects of the interaction between different proteins and feeding frequency on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and to provide scientific guidance for the application of novel proteins and the corresponding optimal feeding strategy, a two-factorial design (5 × 3) with five protein feeds (fishmeal (FM), Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP), Tenebrio molitor (TM), Chlorella meal (ChM), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC)), and three feeding frequency (1, 2, and 3 times/d; FF1, FF2, FF3) was designed in culturing largemouth bass (initial weight, 2.98 ± 0.22 g/fish) for 8 weeks. Z-score combined with cluster analysis was used to analyze and compare the effects of different treatments on different indicators, such as growth performance, feed utilization, antioxidant capacity, and immune response to draw a general picture of the relationship among all these massive biomarkers. The results showed that different protein sources and feeding frequencies had significant interactive effects on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, body lipid, and health status of largemouth bass. Fish fed with ChM feed showed similar performance to that in FM group, implying its potential for complete replacement of fishmeal in largemouth bass. Fish fed with CAP, TM, and CPC feeds showed worse performance compared to FM and ChM groups, characterized by poor growth and feed utilization, enhanced stress, chronic inflammation, and varying symptoms of histological changes in the liver and intestine, which demonstrated the adverse effects of the complete replacement of fishmeal by these three proteins. In terms of feeding frequency, fish fed with FM feed in FF3 group led to liver hypertrophy, fat accumulation, and the risk of fatty liver, while inducing liver inflammation. In addition, the TM and CAP group had the higher expression levels of inflammatory factors at FF3 group, which displayed that the interactions between FM, CAP, TM feeds and feeding frequency at FF3 might aggravate the occurrence of liver inflammation and oxidative damage of hepatocytes. Overall, FF2 had higher feed efficiency, protein efficiency, antioxidant enzyme and lysozyme activities, lower MDA content, and lower gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and could be considered as the optimum feeding frequency for largemouth bass fed with different protein feeds.
为了评估不同蛋白质和投喂频率对大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）的相互作用的影响，并为新型蛋白质的应用和相应的最佳投喂策略提供科学指导，本研究采用了双因子设计（5×3），设置了 5 种蛋白质饲料（鱼粉（FM）、产丁酸梭菌蛋白（CAP）、黄粉虫（TM）、小球藻粉（ChM）、棉籽蛋白浓缩物（CPC））和 3 种投喂频率（1、2 和 3 次/d；FF1、FF2、FF3），对初始体重为 2.98±0.22 g/尾的大口黑鲈进行了 8 周的养殖。采用 Z 分数结合聚类分析对不同处理对生长性能、饲料利用效率、抗氧化能力和免疫反应等不同指标的影响进行分析比较，以描绘所有这些大量生物标志物之间的关系图。结果表明，不同的蛋白质来源和投喂频率对大口黑鲈的生长性能、饲料利用效率、体脂和健康状况有显著的互作影响。投喂 ChM 饲料的鱼表现出与 FM 组相似的性能，表明其有潜力完全替代大口黑鲈中的鱼粉。投喂 CAP、TM 和 CPC 饲料的鱼表现出比 FM 和 ChM 组更差的性能，表现为生长和饲料利用不良、应激增强、慢性炎症以及肝肠组织学变化的不同症状，表明这三种蛋白质完全替代鱼粉会产生不良影响。就投喂频率而言，FF3 组投喂 FM 饲料的鱼导致肝脏肥大、脂肪堆积和脂肪肝的风险，并诱导肝脏炎症。此外，TM 和 CAP 组在 FF3 组具有更高的炎症因子表达水平，表明 FM、CAP、TM 饲料与 FF3 组的投喂频率之间的相互作用可能会加重肝脏炎症和肝细胞氧化损伤的发生。总的来说，FF2 具有更高的饲料效率、蛋白效率、抗氧化酶和溶菌酶活性、更低的 MDA 含量以及更低的炎症细胞因子基因表达，可被认为是投喂不同蛋白质饲料的大口黑鲈的最佳投喂频率。
