Eklund Ann, Frank Jens, Bao José Vicente López
Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
Biodiversity Research Institute, CSIC, Principality of Asturias, Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.
Environ Evid. 2024 May 17;13(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13750-024-00337-2.
Instances of attacks from large carnivores that lead to human injury or death are increasingly reported worldwide. Ensuring human safety when people and carnivores co-occur is central to minimizing human suffering but is also essential to support sustainable carnivore conservation. Various interventions are available intended to alter either the behavior of large carnivores or people, in order to reduce the likelihood of a risky encounter and an attack. Collated evidence on best practices is still lacking, and this protocol outlines a systematic review of evidence for intervention effectiveness to reduce the risk or severity of direct attacks on humans by large carnivores. Specifically, the review seeks to answer the question: How effective are evaluated interventions in reducing large carnivore attacks on people?
The bibliographic databases Zoological Record, BIOSIS Citation Index, and Scopus will be searched using a predefined search string. Grey literature will be requested through professional networks, contacts with relevant organizations, and searching selected websites. All returned titles and abstracts will be manually screened using Rayyan.ai. For inclusion, studies should describe the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) of the review research question and be written in English, Spanish, or Swedish. Review papers will be excluded. All records of data coding and extraction are documented in a purposely developed, and priorly piloted, data sheet. Critical appraisal of study validity will be done according to the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Critical Appraisal Tool prototype version 0.3. Review outcomes will be synthesized in a narrative, and if possible, a quantitative synthesis. The narrative synthesis will describe in text the carnivore population (species, location), context (target object, intervention model), as well as the design and reported results of each study. The quantitative synthesis will include a summary statistic, preferably logarithmic risk ratio, calculated for each original study. A forest plot will be created to visualize study outcomes, as well as judgments of critical appraisal. Provided that enough data is available and that it complies with its assumptions, a meta-regression analysis will be undertaken using metafor package for R software.
全球范围内，大型食肉动物攻击人类并导致人员伤亡的事件报道日益增多。在人类与食肉动物共存的情况下确保人类安全，对于将人类痛苦降至最低至关重要，同时对于支持可持续的食肉动物保护也必不可少。有多种干预措施可供选择，旨在改变大型食肉动物或人类的行为，以降低发生危险遭遇和攻击的可能性。目前仍缺乏关于最佳实践的综合证据，本方案概述了对干预措施有效性证据的系统评价，以降低大型食肉动物对人类直接攻击的风险或严重程度。具体而言，该评价旨在回答以下问题：经评估的干预措施在减少大型食肉动物对人类的攻击方面效果如何？
将使用预定义的搜索字符串搜索文献数据库《动物学记录》《生物学文摘索引》和Scopus。将通过专业网络、与相关组织的联系以及搜索选定的网站来获取灰色文献。所有返回的标题和摘要将使用Rayyan.ai进行人工筛选。纳入的研究应描述综述研究问题的人群、干预措施、对照和结果（PICO），并应以英语、西班牙语或瑞典语撰写。综述论文将被排除。所有数据编码和提取记录都记录在专门开发并预先试点的数据表中。将根据环境证据协作批判性评价工具原型版本0.3对研究有效性进行批判性评价。综述结果将以叙述形式进行综合，如果可能的话，进行定量综合。叙述性综合将在文本中描述食肉动物种群（物种、地点）、背景（目标对象、干预模式）以及每项研究的设计和报告结果。定量综合将包括为每项原始研究计算的汇总统计量，最好是对数风险比。将创建森林图以直观显示研究结果以及批判性评价的判断。如果有足够的数据并且符合其假设，将使用R软件的metafor包进行元回归分析。
