Nuclear dualism without extensive DNA elimination in the ciliate .

Most eukaryotes have one nucleus and nuclear genome per cell. Ciliates have instead evolved distinct nuclei that coexist in each cell: a silent germline vs. transcriptionally active somatic nuclei. In the best-studied model species, both nuclei can divide asexually, but only germline nuclei undergo meiosis and karyogamy during sex. Thereafter, thousands of DNA segments, called internally eliminated sequences (IESs), are excised from copies of the germline genomes to produce the streamlined somatic genome. In , however, somatic nuclei cannot divide but instead develop from germline copies even during asexual cell division, which would incur a huge overhead cost if genome editing was required. Here, we purified and sequenced both genomes in to see whether their nondividing somatic nuclei are associated with differences in genome architecture. Unlike in other ciliates studied to date, we did not find canonical germline-limited IESs, implying does not extensively edit its genomes. Instead, both genomes appear large and equivalent, replete with retrotransposons and repetitive sequences, unlike the compact, gene-rich somatic genomes of other ciliates. Two other hallmarks of nuclear development in ciliates-domesticated DDE-family transposases and editing-associated small RNAs-were also not found. Thus, among the ciliates, genomes most resemble those of conventional eukaryotes. Nonetheless, base modifications, histone marks, and nucleosome positioning of vegetative nuclei are consistent with functional differentiation between actively transcribed somatic vs. inactive germline nuclei. Given their phylogenetic position, it is likely that editing was present in the ancestral ciliate but secondarily lost in the lineage.