Amari Chems, Carletti Marta, Yan Siqi, Michaud Morgane, Salvaing Juliette
Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France; Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.
Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
Biochimie. 2024 Dec;227(Pt B):19-34. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.09.006. Epub 2024 Sep 17.
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles composed of a hydrophobic core (mostly triacylglycerols and steryl esters) delineated by a lipid monolayer and found throughout the tree of life. LDs were seen for a long time as simple energy storage organelles but recent works highlighted their versatile roles in several fundamental cellular processes, particularly during stress response. LDs biogenesis occurs in the ER and their number and size can be dynamically regulated depending on their function, e.g. during development or stress. Understanding their biogenesis and degradation mechanisms is thus essential to better apprehend their roles. LDs degradation can occur in the cytosol by lipolysis or after their internalization into lytic compartments (e.g. vacuoles or lysosomes) using diverse mechanisms that depend on the considered organism, tissue, developmental stage or environmental condition. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the different LDs degradation pathways in several main phyla of model organisms, unicellular or pluricellular, photosynthetic or not (budding yeast, mammals, land plants and microalgae). We highlight the conservation of the main degradation pathways throughout evolution, but also the differences between organisms, or inside an organism between different organs. Finally, we discuss how this comparison can help to shed light on relationships between LDs degradation pathways and LDs functions.
脂滴（LDs）是一种细胞器，由疏水核心（主要是三酰甘油和甾醇酯）组成，周围环绕着一层脂质单分子层，在整个生命树中都有发现。长期以来，脂滴被视为简单的能量储存细胞器，但最近的研究突出了它们在几个基本细胞过程中的多种作用，特别是在应激反应期间。脂滴的生物发生发生在内质网中，其数量和大小可根据其功能动态调节，例如在发育或应激期间。因此，了解它们的生物发生和降解机制对于更好地理解它们的作用至关重要。脂滴的降解可以通过脂解作用在细胞质中发生，或者在它们通过依赖于所考虑的生物体、组织、发育阶段或环境条件的多种机制内化到溶酶体区室（如液泡或溶酶体）后发生。在这篇综述中，我们总结了目前关于单细胞或多细胞、光合或非光合模式生物（芽殖酵母、哺乳动物、陆地植物和微藻）几个主要门类中不同脂滴降解途径的知识。我们强调了主要降解途径在整个进化过程中的保守性，以及不同生物体之间或同一生物体内不同器官之间的差异。最后，我们讨论了这种比较如何有助于阐明脂滴降解途径与脂滴功能之间的关系。
