Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, CEP 37130-001, Brazil.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL, Alfenas, MG, CEP 37130-001, Brazil.
Microb Pathog. 2024 Nov;196:106951. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106951. Epub 2024 Sep 18.
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in individuals who carry out rural activities. Its etiological agent is a thermodimorphic fungus belonging to the genus; Paracoccidioides spp. Seven species of this fungus are known: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Paracoccidioides lutzii, Paracoccidioides americana, Paracoccidioides restrepiensis, Paracoccidioides venezuelensis, Paracoccidioides loboi and Paracoccidioides ceti. For a long time, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was attributed as the only causal agent of this mycosis. What is known about adhesins, virulence, escape mechanisms and fungal involvement with the host's immune system is correlated with the species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Interactions between Paracoccidioides spp. and the host are complex and dynamic. The fungus needs nutrients for its needs and must adapt to a hostile environment, evading the host's immune system, thus enabling the development of the infectious process. On the other hand, the host's immune system recognizes Paracoccidioides spp. and employs all protective mechanisms to prevent fungal growth and consequently tissue invasion. Knowing this, understanding how Paracoccidioides spp. escapes the host's immune system, can help to understand the pathogenic mechanisms related to the development of the disease and, therefore, in the design of new specific treatment strategies. In this review we discuss these mechanisms and what are the adhesion molecules of Paracoccidioides spp. uses to escape the hostile environment imposed by the host's defense mechanisms; finally, we suggest how to neutralize them with new antifungal therapies.
球孢子菌病（PCM）是一种全身性肉芽肿性真菌病，多见于从事农村活动的人群。其病原体是一种热双相真菌，属于；球孢子菌属。这种真菌有七种已知物种：巴西球孢子菌、拉氏球孢子菌、美洲球孢子菌、雷斯特雷皮奥球孢子菌、委内瑞拉球孢子菌、 loboi 球孢子菌和鲸球孢子菌。长期以来，巴西球孢子菌被认为是这种真菌病的唯一病原体。关于黏附素、毒力、逃逸机制以及真菌与宿主免疫系统的相互作用，与巴西球孢子菌有关。球孢子菌属与宿主之间的相互作用是复杂和动态的。真菌需要营养物质来满足其需求，必须适应恶劣的环境，逃避宿主的免疫系统，从而使感染过程得以发展。另一方面，宿主的免疫系统识别球孢子菌属并利用所有保护机制来防止真菌生长和组织入侵。了解这一点，可以帮助我们理解球孢子菌属如何逃避宿主的免疫系统，从而有助于理解与疾病发展相关的致病机制，并因此有助于设计新的特异性治疗策略。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了这些机制以及球孢子菌属利用哪些黏附分子来逃避宿主防御机制所施加的恶劣环境；最后，我们提出了如何用新的抗真菌疗法来中和它们。
