Is it possible to obtain substitutes for human milk oligosaccharides from bovine milk, goat milk, or other mammal milks?

Considering the current level of chemical and biological synthesis technology, it was a sensible selection to obtain milk oligosaccharides (MOs) from other mammals as the potential substitute for human MOs (HMOs) that possessed various structural features in the infant formula. Through a comprehensive analysis of the content, structure, and function of MOs in six distinct varieties of mammal milk, it has been shown that goat milk was the most suitable material for the preparation as a human milk substitute. Goat MOs (GMOs) had a relatively high content and diverse structural features compared to those found in other mammalian milks. The concentration of GMOs in colostrum ranged from 60 to 350 mg/L, whereas in mature milk, it ranged from 200 to 24,00 mg/L. The acidic oligosaccharides in goat milk have attracted considerable attention due to their closeness in acidic content and structural diversity with HMOs. Simultaneously, it was discovered that some structures, like N-glycolylneuraminic acid, were found to have a certain content in GMOs and served essential functional properties. Moreover, studies focused on the extraction of MOs from goat milk indicated that the production of GMOs on an industrial scale was viable. Furthermore, it is imperative to do further study on GMOs to enhance the preparation process, discover of new MOs structures and bioactivity evaluation, which will contribute to the development of both the commercial production of MOs and the goat milk industry.