Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2024 Nov;193:115008. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.115008. Epub 2024 Sep 18.
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a metabolite of the more toxic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus; which contaminates maize, peanuts, tree nuts, and oilseeds, among other crops in warm regions of the world. When mammals consume AFB1 in these foods, they secrete AFM1 in milk. A recent analysis indicated negligible cancer risk associated with AFM1 exposure, but whether AFM1 impairs children's growth is important to understand because children consume relatively more milk than adults worldwide. Our paper reviews the evidence on the link between AFM1 exposure and child growth impairment. We find that the existing studies are contradictory and necessitates further studies on this question; in particular, those that control for potentially confounding factors such as household socioeconomic status, children's overall diets, hygienic factors, and agroecological zone. Though many nations have policies for maximum AFM1 limits in dairy foods, they are not based on an explicit health risk analysis of AFM1 but on conversion rates of AFB1 levels to AFM1 in dairy products. Future studies on AFM1's potential harmful effects on child growth will help to better inform policies on maximum allowable AFM1 in milk and other dairy products.
黄曲霉毒素 M1（AFM1）是毒性更大的黄曲霉毒素 B1（AFB1）的代谢物，由真菌黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生；它污染了玉米、花生、坚果和油籽等作物，在世界温暖地区。当哺乳动物食用这些食物中的 AFB1 时，它们会在牛奶中分泌 AFM1。最近的一项分析表明，与 AFM1 暴露相关的癌症风险可以忽略不计，但了解 AFM1 是否会损害儿童的生长发育很重要，因为全世界的儿童比成年人消耗相对更多的牛奶。我们的论文回顾了 AFM1 暴露与儿童生长发育受损之间联系的证据。我们发现，现有研究存在矛盾，需要对此问题进行进一步研究；特别是那些控制了家庭社会经济地位、儿童整体饮食、卫生因素和农业生态区等潜在混杂因素的研究。尽管许多国家都制定了乳制品中 AFM1 最大限量的政策，但这些政策并非基于对 AFM1 健康风险的明确分析，而是基于乳制品中 AFB1 水平向 AFM1 的转化率。未来关于 AFM1 对儿童生长发育潜在有害影响的研究将有助于更好地为牛奶和其他乳制品中 AFM1 的最大允许量政策提供信息。
