Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy.
Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
Enzymes. 2024;56:1-30. doi: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.010. Epub 2024 Sep 7.
Tyrosinases (TYRs) are enzymes found in various organisms that are crucial for melanin biosynthesis, coloration, and UV protection. They play vital roles in insect cuticle sclerotization, mollusk shell formation, fungal and bacterial pigmentation, biofilm formation, and virulence. Structurally, TYRs feature copper-binding sites that are essential for catalytic activity, facilitating substrate oxidation via interactions with conserved histidine residues. TYRs exhibit diversity across animals, plants, fungi, mollusks, and bacteria, reflecting their roles and function. Eukaryotic TYRs undergo post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which affect protein folding and activity. Bacterial TYRs are categorized into five types based on their structural variation, domain organization and enzymatic properties, showing versatility across bacterial species. Moreover, bacterial TYRs, akin to fungal TYRs, have been implicated in the synthesis of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. TYRs share significant sequence homology with hemocyanins, oxygen-carrier proteins in mollusks and arthropods, highlighting their evolutionary relationships. The evolution of TYRs underscores the dynamic nature of these enzymes and reflects adaptive strategies across diverse taxa.
酪氨酸酶（TYRs）是存在于各种生物体中的酶，对黑色素生物合成、颜色形成和 UV 保护至关重要。它们在昆虫外骨骼硬化、软体动物壳形成、真菌和细菌色素形成、生物膜形成和毒力方面发挥着重要作用。在结构上，TYRs 具有铜结合位点，这对于催化活性至关重要，通过与保守的组氨酸残基相互作用促进底物氧化。TYRs 在动物、植物、真菌、软体动物和细菌中表现出多样性，反映了它们的作用和功能。真核 TYR 经历翻译后修饰，如糖基化，这会影响蛋白质折叠和活性。根据结构变异、结构域组织和酶特性，细菌 TYR 分为五类，表现出细菌物种之间的多功能性。此外，细菌 TYR 与真菌 TYR 一样，与具有抗菌特性的次生代谢物的合成有关。TYRs 与软体动物和节肢动物中的氧载体蛋白血蓝蛋白具有显著的序列同源性，突出了它们的进化关系。TYRs 的进化强调了这些酶的动态性质，并反映了不同分类群的适应性策略。
