Beloki Ezker Idoia, Yuan Bo, Bohlin-Nizzetto Pernilla, Borgen Anders Røsrud, Wang Thanh
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
Chemosphere. 2024 Oct;365:143326. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143326. Epub 2024 Sep 19.
Polychlorinated n-alkanes (PCAs) are the main components of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) mixtures, that have been commonly grouped into short-chain (SCCPs, C), medium-chain (MCCPs, C), and long-chain (LCCPs, C) CPs. PCAs pose a significant risk to human health as they are broadly present in indoor environments and are potentially persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. The lack of specific terminology and harmonization in analytical methodologies for PCA analysis complicates direct comparisons between studies. The present work summarizes the different methodologies applied for the analysis of PCAs in indoor dust, air, and organic films. The large variability between the reviewed studies points to the difficulties to assess PCA contamination in these matrices and to mitigate risks associated with indoor exposure. Based on our review of physicochemical properties of PCAs and previously reported sum of measurable S/M/LCCPs levels, the homologue groups PCAs-C are found to be mostly present in the gas phase, PCAs-C in particulate matter and organic films, and PCAs-C in settled dust. However, we emphasized that mapping PCA sources and distribution in the indoors is highly dependent on the individual homologues. To further comprehend indoor PCA distribution, we described the uses of PCA in building materials and household products to apportion important indoor sources of emissions and pathways for human exposure. The greatest risk for indoor PCAs were estimated to arise from dermal absorption and ingestion through contact with dust and CP containing products. In addition, there are several factors affecting indoor PCA levels and exposure in different regions, including legislation, presence of specific products, cleaning routines, and ventilation frequency. This review provides comprehensive analysis of available indoor PCA data, the physicochemical properties, applied analytical methods, possible interior sources, variables affecting the levels, human exposure to PCAs, as well as need for more information, thereby providing perspectives for future research studies.
多氯正构烷烃（PCA）是氯化石蜡（CP）混合物的主要成分，通常分为短链氯化石蜡（SCCP，C）、中链氯化石蜡（MCCP，C）和长链氯化石蜡（LCCP，C）。PCA对人类健康构成重大风险，因为它们广泛存在于室内环境中，具有潜在的持久性、生物累积性和毒性。PCA分析缺乏特定术语和分析方法的统一，使得不同研究之间难以直接比较。本研究总结了用于分析室内灰尘、空气和有机薄膜中PCA的不同方法。综述研究之间的巨大差异表明，评估这些基质中PCA污染以及降低与室内接触相关风险存在困难。基于我们对PCA物理化学性质的综述以及先前报道的可测量S/M/LCCP水平总和，发现同系物组PCA-C大多存在于气相中，PCA-C存在于颗粒物和有机薄膜中，而PCA-C存在于沉降灰尘中。然而，我们强调，确定室内PCA的来源和分布高度依赖于各个同系物。为了进一步了解室内PCA的分布，我们描述了PCA在建筑材料和家用产品中的用途，以确定重要的室内排放源和人类接触途径。据估计，室内PCA的最大风险来自与含灰尘和CP的产品接触时的皮肤吸收和摄入。此外，有几个因素会影响不同地区的室内PCA水平和接触情况，包括立法、特定产品的存在、清洁程序和通风频率。本综述对现有的室内PCA数据、物理化学性质、应用的分析方法、可能的室内来源、影响水平的变量、人类对PCA的接触以及更多信息的需求进行了全面分析，从而为未来的研究提供了视角。
