Increased antimicrobial resistance of acid-adapted pathogenic Escherichia coli, and transcriptomic analysis of polymyxin-resistant strain.

This study investigated the acid adaptation and antimicrobial resistance of seven pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and one commensal strain under nutrient-rich acidic conditions. After acid adaptation, three pathogenic E. coli survived during 100 h incubation in tryptic soy broth at pH 3.25. Acid-adapted (AA) strains showed increased resistance to antimicrobials including ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and especially polymyxins (colistin and polymyxin B), the last resort antimicrobial for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain (NCCP 13717) showed significantly increased resistance to acids and polymyxins. Transcriptome analysis of the AA NCCP 13717 revealed upregulation of genes related to the acid fitness island and the arn operon, which reduces lipopolysaccharide binding affinity at the polymyxin site of action. Genes such as eptA, tolC, and ompCF were also upregulated to alter the structure of the cell membrane, reducing the outer membrane permeability compared to the control, which is likely to be another mechanism for polymyxin resistance. This study highlights the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in AA pathogenic E. coli strains, particularly polymyxin resistance, and the mechanisms behind the increased antimicrobial resistance, providing important insights for the development of risk management strategies to effectively control the antimicrobial resistant foodborne pathogens.