The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Department of Ophthalmology and Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2024 Dec;230(Pt 1):116550. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116550. Epub 2024 Sep 20.
Microglia, a widely dispersed cohort of immune cells in the retina, are intricately involved in a diverse range of pivotal biological processes, including inflammation, vascular development, complement activation, antigen presentation, and phagocytosis. Within the retinal milieu, microglia are crucial for the clearance of dead cells and cellular debris, release of anti-inflammatory agents, and orchestration of vascular network remodeling to maintain homeostasis. In addition, microglia are key mediators of neuroinflammation. Triggered by oxidative stress, elevated intraocular pressure, genetic anomalies, and immune dysregulation, microglia release numerous inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the pathogenesis of various retinal disorders. Recent studies on the ontogeny and broad functions of microglia in the retina have elucidated their characteristics during retinal development, homeostasis, and disease. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies that target microglia and their effector cytokines have been developed and shown positive results for some retinal diseases. Therefore, we systematically review the microglial ontogeny in the retina, elucidate their dual roles in retinal homeostasis and disease pathogenesis, and demonstrate microglia-based targeted therapeutic strategies for retinal diseases.
小胶质细胞是视网膜中广泛分布的免疫细胞群，它们在多种关键的生物学过程中起着复杂的作用，包括炎症、血管发育、补体激活、抗原呈递和吞噬作用。在视网膜环境中，小胶质细胞对于清除死细胞和细胞碎片、释放抗炎剂以及协调血管网络重塑以维持内稳态至关重要。此外，小胶质细胞是神经炎症的关键介质。小胶质细胞受到氧化应激、眼内压升高、遗传异常和免疫失调的触发，会释放大量的炎症细胞因子，导致各种视网膜疾病的发病机制。最近关于小胶质细胞在视网膜中的发生和广泛功能的研究阐明了它们在视网膜发育、稳态和疾病过程中的特征。此外，已经开发出针对小胶质细胞及其效应细胞因子的治疗策略，并在一些视网膜疾病中显示出积极的结果。因此，我们系统地综述了视网膜中小胶质细胞的发生，阐明了它们在视网膜稳态和疾病发病机制中的双重作用，并展示了基于小胶质细胞的靶向治疗策略用于治疗视网膜疾病。
