Chen Yongyan, Lyu Jia, Zhang Lan, Ye Bixiong, Gao Shenghua, Jin Ning
Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China.
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2024 Sep;53(5):726-733. doi: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2024.05.007.
To investigate the distribution and exposure levels of pesticides in raw water and drinking water in China, as well as to assess the potential health risks associated with long-term consumption.
A total of 83 typical water plants were selected in key river basins in China to collected samples of the raw water, finished water, and tap water. The online-solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine 13 pesticides, including acetochlor, atrazine, dimethoate, malathion, carbofuran, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, parathion, trifluralin, isoprothiolane, simetryn, methyl parathion, and metalaxyl, as well as 6 environmental metabolites, including carbendazim, malaoxon, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, deethyl atrazine, deisopropyl atrazine and hydroxy atrazine. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of these pesticides were assessed.
The concentrations of total amount of pesticides in the samples ranged from 0.1 ng/L to 1299.4 ng/L, with a median value of 64.7 ng/L. The detection rates of 5 pesticides or their metabolites exceeds 80%, namely acetochlor, atrazine, hydroxyl atrazine, deethyl atrazine, and metalaxyl. More than 6 pesticides or their metabolites were detected in 77.7% of the total 498 samples. The total concentration of pesticides during the wet season ranged from 1.1 ng/L to 1299.4 ng/L, with a median of 69.2 ng/L and a median average daily dose of 2.3 ng/(kg·d). The total concentration of pesticides in the dry season samples ranged from 0.1 ng/L to 543.5 ng/L, with a median of 60.2 ng/L and a median average daily dose of 2.0 ng/(kg·d). Among the 498 samples, the maximum carcinogenic risk of dichlorvos was 2.0×10(-7), and the maximum carcinogenic risk of trifluralin was 1.1×10(-10). The non-carcinogenic HI of 19 pesticides and metabolites pesticides was ≤6.0×10(-3). Among them, the maximum HI of the middle route of the South to North Water Diversion Project, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the eastern route of the South to North Water Diversion Project, the Liaohe River, and the Songhua River basin was 2.0×10(-3)-6.0×10(-3), while the HI of other basins was less than 1.0×10(-3).
Different concentrations of pesticides have been detected in raw water, finished water, and tap water of key river basins in China, with the highest total concentration of detected reaching 1299.4 ng/L. The carcinogenic risk was lower than 10~(-6) and the non-carcinogenic hazard index of 19 pesticides was less than 1, and both below the acceptable level. Because of the universality and diverse occurrence of these pesticides in drinking water, long-term exposure to pesticides is still a concern.
调查我国原水和饮用水中农药的分布及暴露水平，并评估长期饮用相关潜在健康风险。
在中国重点流域选取83家典型水厂采集原水、出厂水和自来水样本。采用在线固相萃取 - 液相色谱 - 串联质谱法测定13种农药，包括乙草胺、莠去津、乐果、马拉硫磷、克百威、敌敌畏、毒死蜱、对硫磷、氟乐灵、异稻瘟净、西草净、甲基对硫磷和甲霜灵，以及6种环境代谢物，包括多菌灵、马拉氧磷、3 - 羟基克百威、去乙基莠去津、去异丙基莠去津和羟基莠去津。评估这些农药的致癌和非致癌风险。
样本中农药总量浓度范围为0.1 ng/L至1299.4 ng/L，中位数为64.7 ng/L。5种农药或其代谢物的检出率超过80%，即乙草胺、莠去津、羟基莠去津、去乙基莠去津和甲霜灵。在全部498个样本中，77.7%的样本检测到6种以上农药或其代谢物。雨季农药总浓度范围为1.1 ng/L至1299.4 ng/L，中位数为69.2 ng/L，日均剂量中位数为2.3 ng/(kg·d)。旱季样本中农药总浓度范围为0.1 ng/L至543.5 ng/L，中位数为60.2 ng/L，日均剂量中位数为2.0 ng/(kg·d)。在498个样本中，敌敌畏的最大致癌风险为2.0×10⁻⁷，氟乐灵的最大致癌风险为1.1×10⁻¹⁰。19种农药及代谢物农药的非致癌危害商≤6.0×10⁻³。其中，南水北调中线、黄河下游、南水北调东线、辽河和松花江流域的最大危害商为2.0×10⁻³ - 6.0×10⁻³，其他流域的危害商小于1.0×10⁻³。
我国重点流域原水、出厂水和自来水中均检测到不同浓度的农药，检出总浓度最高达1299.4 ng/L。致癌风险低于10⁻⁶，19种农药的非致癌危害指数小于1，均低于可接受水平。由于这些农药在饮用水中普遍存在且种类多样，长期接触农药仍是一个值得关注的问题。
