Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
Food Funct. 2024 Oct 14;15(20):10414-10433. doi: 10.1039/d4fo03546a.
: (Poly)phenol intake has been associated with reduced risk of non-communicable diseases in epidemiological studies. However, there are currently no dietary assessment tools specifically developed to estimate (poly)phenol intake in the UK population. : This study aimed to develop a novel food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to capture the dietary (poly)phenol intake in the UK and assess its relative validity with 7 day diet diaries (7DDs) and plasma and urine (poly)phenol metabolites. : The KCL (poly)phenol FFQ (KP-FFQ) was developed based on the existing EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Diet and Cancer)-Norfolk FFQ, which has been validated for energy and nutrient intake estimation in the UK population. Participants aged 18-29 years ( = 255) completed both the KP-FFQ and the EPIC-Norfolk FFQ. In a subgroup ( = 60), 7DD, spot urine, and fasting plasma samples were collected. An in-house (poly)phenol database was used to estimate (poly)phenol intake from FFQs and 7DDs. Plasma and urinary (poly)phenol metabolite levels were analysed using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method. The agreements between (poly)phenol intake estimated using the KP-FFQ, EPIC-Norfolk FFQ and 7DDs, as well as plasma and urinary biomarkers, were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), weighted kappa, quartile cross-classification, and Spearman's correlations, and the associations were investigated using linear regression models adjusting for energy intake and multiple testing (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). : The mean (standard deviation, SD) of total (poly)phenol intake estimated from KP-FFQs was 1366.5 (1151.7) mg d. Fair agreements were observed between ten (poly)phenol groups estimated from KP-FFQs and 7DDs (kappa: 0.41-0.73), including total (poly)phenol intake (kappa = 0.45), while the agreements for the rest of the 17 classes and subclasses were poor (kappa: 0.07-0.39). Strong positive associations with KP-FFQ were found in ten (poly)phenols estimated from 7DDs, including dihydroflavonols, theaflavins, thearubigins, flavones, isoflavonoids, ellagitannins, hydroxyphenylacetic acids, total stilbenes, resveratrol, and tyrosols with stdBeta ranged from 0.61 (95% confidence interval CI: 0.42 to 0.81) to 0.95 (95% CI: 0.86 to 1.03) (all FDR adjusted < 0.05). KP-FFQs estimated (poly)phenol intake exhibited positive associations with 76 urinary metabolites (stdBeta: 0.28 (95% CI: 0.07-0.49) to 0.81 (0.62-1.00)) and 19 plasma metabolites (stdBeta: 0.40 (0.17-0.62)-0.83 (0.64-1.02)) (all FDR < 0.05). The agreement between KP-FFQs and the EPIC-Norfolk FFQs was moderate (ICC 0.51-0.69) for all (poly)phenol subclasses after adjusting for energy intake. Compared with the EPIC-Norfolk FFQs estimated (poly)phenol intake, stronger and more agreements and associations were found in KP-FFQs estimated (poly)phenol with 7DDs and biomarkers. : (Poly)phenol intake estimated from KP-FFQ exhibited fair agreements and moderate to strong associations with 7DDs and biomarkers, indicating the novel questionnaire may be a promising tool to assess dietary (poly)phenol intake.
（多酚）摄入量与流行病学研究中的非传染性疾病风险降低有关。然而，目前没有专门开发的饮食评估工具来估计英国人口的（多酚）摄入量。本研究旨在开发一种新的食物频率问卷（FFQ）来捕捉英国的饮食（多酚）摄入量，并评估其与 7 天饮食日记（7DD）和血浆及尿液（多酚）代谢物的相对有效性。KCL（多酚）FFQ（KP-FFQ）是基于现有的 EPIC（欧洲前瞻性癌症与营养研究）-诺福克 FFQ 开发的，该 FFQ 已在英国人群中得到验证，可用于估计能量和营养素的摄入量。年龄在 18-29 岁的参与者（=255）完成了 KP-FFQ 和 EPIC-Norfolk FFQ 的填写。在一个亚组（=60）中，采集了 7DD、点尿和空腹血浆样本。使用内部（多酚）数据库从 FFQ 和 7DD 中估计（多酚）的摄入量。使用经过验证的超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法分析血浆和尿液（多酚）代谢物水平。通过内类相关系数（ICC）、加权 kappa、四分位交叉分类和 Spearman 相关性评估 KP-FFQ、EPIC-Norfolk FFQ 和 7DD 估计的（多酚）摄入量以及血浆和尿液生物标志物之间的一致性，并使用线性回归模型进行调整能量摄入和多重检验（假发现率（FDR）<0.05）。从 KP-FFQ 中估计的总（多酚）摄入量的平均值（标准偏差，SD）为 1366.5（1151.7）mg d。十个（多酚）组从 KP-FFQ 和 7DD 中估计的结果具有良好的一致性（kappa：0.41-0.73），包括总（多酚）摄入量（kappa=0.45），而其余 17 个类和子类的一致性较差（kappa：0.07-0.39）。从 7DD 中估计的十个（多酚）与 KP-FFQ 有很强的正相关，包括二氢黄酮醇、茶黄素、茶红苷、黄酮类、异黄酮、鞣花单宁、羟基苯乙酸、总芪类、白藜芦醇和酪醇，标准 Beta 范围为 0.61（95%置信区间：0.42-0.81）至 0.95（95%置信区间：0.86-1.03）（所有 FDR 调整后均<0.05）。KP-FFQ 估计的（多酚）摄入量与 76 种尿液代谢物（标准 Beta：0.28（95%置信区间：0.07-0.49）至 0.81（0.62-1.00））和 19 种血浆代谢物（标准 Beta：0.40（0.17-0.62）-0.83（0.64-1.02））（所有 FDR<0.05）有正相关。调整能量摄入后，所有（多酚）亚类的 KP-FFQ 和 EPIC-Norfolk FFQ 之间的一致性为中等（ICC 0.51-0.69）。与 EPIC-Norfolk FFQ 估计的（多酚）摄入量相比，在 KP-FFQ 中发现了更强和更一致的与 7DD 和生物标志物的相关性。从 KP-FFQ 中估计的（多酚）摄入量与 7DD 和生物标志物之间具有良好的一致性和中度至强的相关性，表明该新问卷可能是评估饮食（多酚）摄入量的一种很有前途的工具。
