Genotoxicity of heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella/hepatocyte system.

The Salmonella/hepatocyte system was employed to determine the mutagenicity in bacteria as well as the DNA damage induced in mouse hepatocytes following exposure to heterocyclic amines. With hepatocytes from C57BL/6N mice, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) showed a clear mutagenic effect in the Salmonella, while weak mutagenic effects were observed with 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-b]imidazole (Glu-P-1), and 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2). All the compounds induced low levels of DNA damage in the hepatocytes. In vivo pretreatment of mice with the potent monooxygenase inducer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 50 micrograms/kg) clearly increased both the mutagenicity in the bacteria and the DNA damage induced in the hepatocytes in vitro. Glu-P-2 showed the lowest mutagenic effect but induced more DNA damage at low concentrations than the other compounds when TCDD-pretreated hepatocytes were used. These data indicate that the genotoxic potency of Glu-P-2 in the intact hepatocyte differs from that observed in the bacteria. Treatment of hepatocytes with a-naphthoflavone, a selective inhibitor of polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P-450 form(s), prior to exposure to the heterocyclic amines completely inhibited the mutagenic effect in the bacteria. In vivo administration of all the heterocyclic amines 4 hr prior to isolating the hepatocytes resulted in DNA damage, and this effect was augmented by TCDD pretreatment of mice. Our data suggest that agents modulating the activity and composition of the cytochrome P-450 system may greatly influence both toxicity and carcinogenicity of these heterocyclic amines.