Mahgoub Yassir, Pathare Aum, Hamlin Dallas, Kindt Hailey, Francis Andrew
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.
College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.
Front Psychiatry. 2024 Sep 12;15:1435719. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1435719. eCollection 2024.
Catatonia is a complex syndrome with prominent psychomotor, cognitive, and affective manifestations. Among the commonly described manifestations of catatonia are mannerisms and stereotypies. Kahlbaum, who coined the term catatonia, described several presentations of mannerisms and stereotypies as complex behaviors in his monograph. However, most of the subsequent psychiatric literature has described both phenomena in the context of simple motor movements or actions.
We identified complex behavioral presentations of mannerisms and stereotypies described by Kahlbaum in his monograph. We summarize the development and use of mannerisms and stereotypies as psychiatric terminology since Kahlbaum, emphasizing the spectrum of behavior captured early in this usage. We list the inconsistent and interchangeable use of these terms in subsequent literature and describe recent examples of complex behavioral manifestations of mannerisms and stereotypies in the context of catatonia.
We propose a new framework for mannerisms and stereotypies that utilizes descriptive psychopathology factors in various normative references, the context of the behavior examined, and critical pathological processes identified in mannerisms and stereotypies to identify and describe complex manifestations of these phenomena.
Catatonia continues to remain under-recognized and under-treated. Our current diagnostic tools can make mannerisms and stereotypies complex and challenging to recognize. We suggest defining stereotypies as non-contextual repetitive activities while mannerisms as non-contextual peculiarities of activities. Utilizing our proposed framework and definitions can improve the description, recognition, and treatment of catatonia.
紧张症是一种具有显著精神运动、认知和情感表现的复杂综合征。紧张症常见的表现形式包括怪癖动作和刻板动作。创造了“紧张症”一词的卡尔鲍姆在其专著中将几种怪癖动作和刻板动作的表现描述为复杂行为。然而，随后的大多数精神病学文献都是在简单运动动作或行为的背景下描述这两种现象的。
我们在卡尔鲍姆的专著中确定了他所描述的怪癖动作和刻板动作的复杂行为表现。我们总结了自卡尔鲍姆以来怪癖动作和刻板动作作为精神病学术语的发展和使用情况，强调了这种用法早期所涵盖的行为范围。我们列出了这些术语在后续文献中不一致和可互换的使用情况，并描述了近期在紧张症背景下怪癖动作和刻板动作复杂行为表现的实例。
我们提出了一个关于怪癖动作和刻板动作的新框架，该框架利用各种规范参考文献中的描述性精神病理学因素、所研究行为的背景以及在怪癖动作和刻板动作中确定的关键病理过程来识别和描述这些现象的复杂表现。
紧张症仍然未得到充分认识和治疗。我们目前的诊断工具可能会使怪癖动作和刻板动作变得复杂且难以识别。我们建议将刻板动作定义为无背景的重复性活动，而将怪癖动作定义为无背景的活动特性。利用我们提出的框架和定义可以改善对紧张症的描述、识别和治疗。
