Sic Aleksandar, Cvetkovic Kiana, Manchanda Eshanika, Knezevic Nebojsa Nick
Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60657, USA.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Diseases. 2024 Sep 18;12(9):220. doi: 10.3390/diseases12090220.
Chronic stress is a significant factor affecting modern society, with profound implications for both physical and mental health. Central to the stress response is cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. While cortisol release is adaptive in acute stress, prolonged exposure to elevated levels can result in adverse effects. This manuscript explores the neurobiological implications of chronic stress and its impact on metabolic dysregulation, particularly in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates cortisol production, which influences metabolism, immune response, and neurobiology. Elevated cortisol levels are associated with the development and exacerbation of metabolic disorders like IBD and contribute to neurodegenerative processes, including cognitive impairments and increased susceptibility to psychiatric conditions. The interaction between cortisol and its receptors, particularly glucocorticoid receptors, underscores the complexity of these effects. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which chronic stress and cortisol dysregulation impact metabolic health and neurobiological function, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies for mitigating these effects.
慢性应激是影响现代社会的一个重要因素，对身心健康都有着深远的影响。应激反应的核心是皮质醇，它是肾上腺分泌的一种糖皮质激素。虽然皮质醇的释放在急性应激中具有适应性，但长期暴露于高水平的皮质醇会产生不良影响。本文探讨了慢性应激的神经生物学影响及其对代谢失调的影响，特别是在炎症性肠病（IBD）的背景下。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴调节皮质醇的产生，皮质醇会影响新陈代谢、免疫反应和神经生物学。皮质醇水平升高与IBD等代谢紊乱的发生和加剧有关，并导致神经退行性过程，包括认知障碍和对精神疾病易感性增加。皮质醇与其受体，特别是糖皮质激素受体之间的相互作用，凸显了这些影响的复杂性。本综述旨在阐明慢性应激和皮质醇失调影响代谢健康和神经生物学功能的机制，为减轻这些影响的潜在治疗策略提供见解。
