Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen & Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
Transl Psychiatry. 2024 Sep 27;14(1):388. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-03092-7.
Many children who experience childhood adversity, whether in the form of threat or deprivation, develop adaptive competencies that lead to resilient functioning. Still, research has not succeeded in accurately predicting the level of resilient functioning by any kind of biomarkers, likely because it has sidelined the flexibility inherent in a construct that is situationally and developmentally variable. Whilst recent research acknowledges the importance of redefining resilience in order to reflect its dynamic nature after adversity, evidence for specific behaviors that are developmentally adaptive and dynamic throughout the lifespan is limited. We here propose a model in which resilient functioning is crucially dependent on the individual's capability to flexibly synchronize with and segregate from another's cognitive-affective, behavioral, and physiological states, known as 'biobehavioral synchrony'. Such an adaptive interpersonal skill is rooted in (a) the early caregiving experience and its regulatory effects on an individual's physiological stress reactivity, as well as (b) the development of self-other distinction which can be affected by childhood maltreatment. Bridging the gap between accounts of flexible resilient functioning and the latest thinking in biobehavioral synchrony, we will review behavioral and neurobiological evidence that threat and deprivation in childhood interfere with the development of dynamic, context-sensitive boundaries between self and other, mediated by the (right) tempo-parietal junction (a central neural hub for interpersonal synchronization), which puts the individual at risk for affective fusion or cut-off from others' arousal states. Our proposed model charts a path for investigating the differential effects of maltreatment experiences and mechanisms for intergenerational transmission of non-sensitive caregiving. We conclude with metrics, data analysis methods, and strategies to facilitate flexible biobehavioral synchrony.
许多经历过童年逆境的儿童，无论是受到威胁还是被剥夺，都会发展出适应性能力，从而表现出弹性功能。尽管如此，研究仍未能通过任何类型的生物标志物准确预测弹性功能的水平，这可能是因为它忽略了在情境和发展上都具有可变性的构建中的灵活性。虽然最近的研究承认需要重新定义韧性，以反映其在逆境后的动态性质，但在整个生命周期中具有发展适应性和动态性的具体行为的证据有限。我们在这里提出了一个模型，其中弹性功能的关键取决于个体灵活地与他人的认知、情感、行为和生理状态同步和分离的能力，这被称为“生物行为同步”。这种适应性的人际技能根植于：(a) 早期的养育经历及其对个体生理应激反应的调节作用，以及 (b) 自我与他人区分的发展，而这可能会受到儿童期虐待的影响。为了弥合灵活的弹性功能和生物行为同步最新思维之间的差距，我们将回顾行为和神经生物学证据，表明童年时期的威胁和剥夺会干扰自我和他人之间动态、敏感的边界的发展，而这种边界的发展受到（右）颞顶联合区的调节，该区域是人际同步的中枢神经枢纽，这使个体面临情感融合或与他人唤醒状态隔绝的风险。我们提出的模型为研究虐待经历的不同影响和非敏感养育的代际传递机制指明了方向。我们以衡量标准、数据分析方法和促进灵活的生物行为同步的策略作为结论。
