Grabcika Arta, Kazoka Dzintra, Vetra Janis, Pilmane Mara
Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV 1010 Riga, Latvia.
Children (Basel). 2024 Sep 20;11(9):1141. doi: 10.3390/children11091141.
Craniofacial development is a critical aspect of pediatric growth, influencing fields such as physical anthropology, pediatrics, forensic sciences, and clinical practice.
This study aimed to assess the trends in craniofacial measurements and indices in Latvian children aged 1-15.
The anthropometrical measurements (head circumference, length, width, facial length, and width) were conducted on 375 children according to the guidelines by R. Martin, K. Saller, and J. Prīmanis at the Anthropology laboratory at the Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University. The cephalic index (CI) and the facial or prosopic index (PI) were calculated, allowing for a detailed examination of cranial and facial proportions. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Pearson Chi-square test and the Spearman correlation coefficient.
The findings revealed a consistent increase in head circumference with age, with boys generally having slightly larger heads than girls. The boys and girls exhibited growth in head length and width, particularly noticeable between 1 and 2 years of age. Facial length and width increased with age, with boys typically having longer facial lengths and broader faces than girls. The most common cephalic index category is mesocephaly, which accounts for 52.85% of the population, followed by dolichocephaly at 32.94%. Brachycephaly and hyperbrachycephaly are less prevalent, representing 11.36% and 2.86% of the population. Regarding the facial index categories, hypereuryprosopic is the most prevalent, representing 45.54% of the population, closely followed by euryprosopic at 43.74%. Mesoprosopic is significantly less common, representing only 9.95%. The least common categories are leptoprosopic and hyperleptoprosopic, with prevalences of 0.64% and 0.12%, respectively. The indices analysis showed variations across age groups, with dolichocephaly being more common at younger ages and decreasing over time. Brachycephaly and hyperbrachycephaly remained relatively stable or decreased slightly with age, while mesocephaly displayed less variation. The relationship between the FI and CI in younger age groups was typically weak to moderate and inverse, with a significance level of < 0.001 or < 0.01. However, no meaningful correlation was observed in older children aged 14-15.
This study provides valuable insights into the craniofacial development of Latvian children, highlighting the measurements, cranial and facial types, and their variations across age groups.
颅面发育是儿童生长发育的一个关键方面，影响着体质人类学、儿科学、法医学和临床实践等领域。
本研究旨在评估1至15岁拉脱维亚儿童颅面测量值和指数的变化趋势。
根据里加斯特拉迪尼斯大学解剖学与人类学研究所人类学实验室的R. 马丁、K. 萨勒和J. 普里马尼斯的指导方针，对375名儿童进行了人体测量（头围、长度、宽度、面部长度和宽度）。计算了头指数（CI）和面部或面部指数（PI），以便详细检查颅骨和面部比例。使用描述性和推断性统计方法对数据进行分析，包括Pearson卡方检验和Spearman相关系数。
研究结果显示，头围随年龄增长而持续增加，男孩的头一般比女孩略大。男孩和女孩的头长和头宽都有所增长，在1至2岁之间尤为明显。面部长度和宽度随年龄增长而增加，男孩的面部长度通常比女孩长，脸也比女孩宽。最常见的头指数类别是中头型，占人口的52.85%，其次是长头型，占32.94%。短头型和超短头型较少见，分别占人口的11.36%和2.86%。关于面部指数类别，宽面型最为常见，占人口的45.54%，紧随其后的是阔面型，占43.74%。中面型明显较少见，仅占9.95%。最不常见的类别是窄面型和超窄面型，患病率分别为0.64%和0.12%。指数分析显示各年龄组存在差异，长头型在较年轻年龄段更为常见，且随时间推移而减少。短头型和超短头型随年龄增长相对稳定或略有下降，而中头型变化较小。较年轻年龄组中面部指数和头指数之间的关系通常较弱至中等且呈负相关，显著性水平<0.001或<0.01。然而，在14至15岁的大龄儿童中未观察到有意义的相关性。
本研究为拉脱维亚儿童的颅面发育提供了有价值的见解，突出了测量值、颅骨和面部类型及其在各年龄组中的变化。
