Assessment of Low-Cost and Higher-End Soil Moisture Sensors across Various Moisture Ranges and Soil Textures.

The accuracy and unit cost of sensors are important factors for a continuous soil moisture monitoring system. This study compares the accuracy of four soil moisture sensors differing in unit costs in coarse-, fine-, and medium-textured soils. The sensor outputs were recorded for the VWC, ranging from 0% to 50%. Low-cost capacitive and resistive sensors were evaluated with and without the external 16-bit analog-to-digital converter ADS1115 to improve their performances without adding much cost. Without ADS1115, using only Arduino's built-in analog-to-digital converter, the low-cost sensors had a maximum RMSE of 4.79% (/) for resistive sensors and 3.78% for capacitive sensors in medium-textured soil. The addition of ADS1115 showed improved performance of the low-cost sensors, with a maximum RMSE of 2.64% for resistive sensors and 1.87% for capacitive sensors. The higher-end sensors had an RMSE of up to 1.8% for VH400 and up to 0.95% for the 5TM sensor. The RMSE differences between higher-end and low-cost sensors with the use of ADS1115 were not statistically significant.