Program in Nutrition, Department of Health Studies & Applied Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Nutrients. 2024 Sep 11;16(18):3067. doi: 10.3390/nu16183067.
Celiac disease (CeD) is a common autoimmune condition, with a prevalence of ~1%. Currently, a gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment option. Due to fortification rules excluding gluten-free products in the United States of America (U.S.A.), understanding the nutritional adequacy of a GFD is important for promoting optimal health among those with CeD. Cross-sectional examination of multiple 24 h dietary recalls from a study sample of 50 adults and 30 teens with CeD was used to determine nutritional adequacy and excesses according to U.S.A. recommendations. The results were compared with those of 15,777 adults and 2296 teens from a nationally representative sample not reporting CeD, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014. Compared with NHANES, our study population was more at risk of low folate and carbohydrate (adults) consumption, and of excessive niacin and vitamin A (teens), as well as saturated and total fat consumption (adults). Overall, though, compared with NHANES, our study participants had similar nutrient concerns but fewer nutritional imbalances, with some notable exceptions. In addition to maintaining a GFD, individuals with CeD should be counseled to maintain a balanced diet and to pay attention to nutrient-dense foods. Special attention should be given to teens in providing dietary counseling to potentially mitigate the risk of future morbidity.
乳糜泻（CeD）是一种常见的自身免疫性疾病，其患病率约为 1%。目前，无麸质饮食（GFD）是唯一的治疗选择。由于美国（U.S.A.）的强化规则排除了无麸质产品，因此了解 GFD 的营养充足性对于促进乳糜泻患者的最佳健康状况非常重要。对 50 名成年和 30 名青少年乳糜泻患者的研究样本进行了多次 24 小时饮食回忆的横断面检查，以根据美国的建议确定营养充足性和营养过剩。将结果与来自未报告乳糜泻的全国代表性样本（美国国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）2009-2014）中的 15777 名成年人和 2296 名青少年进行了比较。与 NHANES 相比，我们的研究人群更有可能出现叶酸和碳水化合物（成年人）摄入不足，以及烟酸和维生素 A（青少年）摄入过多，以及饱和脂肪和总脂肪摄入过多（成年人）。尽管如此，与 NHANES 相比，我们的研究参与者具有相似的营养问题，但营养失衡情况较少，存在一些值得注意的例外。除了维持 GFD 外，乳糜泻患者还应接受维持均衡饮食和关注营养丰富食物的建议。应特别注意为青少年提供饮食咨询，以潜在地降低未来发病的风险。
