The mechanism and therapeutic strategies in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: Role of programmed cell death.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most commonly used anthracycline anticancer agent, while its clinical utility is limited by harmful side effects like cardiotoxicity. Numerous studies have elucidated that programmed cell death plays a significant role in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). This review summarizes several kinds of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Furthermore, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are also important factors in the molecular mechanisms of DIC. Besides, a comprehensive understanding of specific signal pathways of DIC can be helpful to its treatment. Therefore, the related signal pathways are elucidated in this review, including sirtuin deacetylase (silent information regulator 2 [Sir2]) 1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, SIRT1/Klotho, SIRT1/Recombinant Sestrin 2, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, AKT, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Heat shock proteins function as chaperones, which play an important role in various stressful situations, especially in the heart. Thus, some of heat shock proteins involved in DIC are also included. Hence, the last part of this review focuses on the therapeutic research based on the mechanisms above.