The anti-inflammatory properties of Bacteroides fragilis vesicles were studied in a rat model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. According to the histology results, addition of B. fragilis vesicles to the therapy promoted colon repair. Evaluation of the disease activity index confirms the high rate of colon recovery: against the background of vesicle administration, the absence of blood in stool, normal stool consistency, and body weight normalization were observed.