Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
Graduate Program in Conservation and Ecotourism, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Glob Chang Biol. 2024 Oct;30(10):e17521. doi: 10.1111/gcb.17521.
Biological invasions pose a major threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human well-being. Non-native species can have severe ecological impacts that are transformative, affecting ecosystems across both short-term and long-term timescales. However, few studies have determined the temporal dynamics of impact between these scales, impeding future predictions as invasion rates continue to rise. Our study uses a meta-analytical approach to dissect the changing taxonomic and functional impacts of biological invasions on native macroinvertebrate populations and communities in freshwater ecosystems across Europe, using a recently collated European long-term time series spanning several decades. Our findings reveal a complex temporal pattern: while initial stages of invasions (i.e. five years after the first record of non-native species) often exhibited benign impacts on macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, or functional diversity, the long-term (i.e. the period following the early invasion) effects became predominantly negative. This pattern was consistent between taxonomic and functional metrics for impacts at both the population and species level, with taxonomic metrics initially positively affected by invasions and functional metrics being more stable before also declining. These results suggest that even initially benign or positively perceived impacts could be eventually superseded by negative consequences. Therefore, understanding the magnitude of invasion effects increasingly requires long-term studies spanning several years or decades to offer insights into effective conservation strategies prioritising immediate and future biodiversity protection efforts. These findings also highlight the importance of integrating multiple taxonomic, functional and temporal components to inform adaptive management approaches to mitigate the negative effects of current and future biological invasions.
生物入侵对生物多样性、生态系统功能和人类福祉构成了重大威胁。非本地物种可能会产生严重的生态影响，这种影响具有变革性，会在短期和长期时间尺度上影响生态系统。然而，很少有研究确定这些尺度之间影响的时间动态，阻碍了未来的预测，因为入侵率仍在继续上升。我们的研究使用元分析方法，剖析了生物入侵对欧洲淡水生态系统中本地大型无脊椎动物种群和群落的分类和功能影响的时间变化，使用的是最近整理的跨越几十年的欧洲长期时间序列。我们的研究结果揭示了一种复杂的时间模式：虽然入侵的初始阶段（即在首次记录非本地物种后的五年内）通常对大型无脊椎动物的丰度、丰富度或功能多样性产生良性影响，但长期（即在早期入侵后的时期）影响主要是负面的。这种模式在种群和物种水平的分类和功能指标之间是一致的，即分类指标最初受到入侵的积极影响，而功能指标在下降之前更稳定。这些结果表明，即使是最初良性或被认为是积极的影响，最终也可能被负面后果所取代。因此，了解入侵影响的程度越来越需要跨越数年或数十年的长期研究，以提供关于优先考虑当前和未来生物多样性保护工作的有效保护策略的见解。这些研究结果还强调了整合多个分类、功能和时间成分的重要性，以告知适应性管理方法，减轻当前和未来生物入侵的负面影响。
