Polyphenol-Mediated Adhesive and Anti-Inflammatory Double-Network Hydrogels for Repairing Postoperative Intervertebral Disc Defects.

Hydrogels have garnered tremendous attention for their applications in the repair of intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration and postoperative IVD defects. However, it is still challenging to develop a hydrogel fulfilling the requirements for high mechanical properties, adhesive capability, biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and anti-inflammatory performance. Herein, we report a multifunctional double-network (DN) hydrogel composed of physically cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and tannic acid (TA) networks as well as chemically cross-linked acrylamide (AM) networks, which integrates the properties of high strength, adhesion, biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and anti-inflammation for the repair of postoperative IVD defects. The treatment with CMCS/TA/PAM DN hydrogels can significantly decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines and degeneration-related factors and upregulated collagen type II alpha 1. In addition, the hydrogels can effectively seal the annulus fibrosus defect, prevent nucleus pulposus degeneration, retain IVD height, and restore the biomechanical properties of the disc to some extent. This polyphenol-mediated DN hydrogel is promising for sealing IVD defects and preventing herniation after lumbar discectomy.