Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Andalucía, Spain.
Núcleo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deportes ISAFYD, Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Metropolitana, Chile.
PeerJ. 2024 Sep 26;12:e18196. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18196. eCollection 2024.
Systematizing reliable protocols and procedures for strength assessment in handball has allowed for a more thorough kinetic analysis and increased precision in detecting training-induced changes in muscular strength. The evaluation of upper limb strength with a bilateral standing press (BSP) exercise in handball players approximates blocking actions in the defensive phase, pushing and fixation.
The aim of this study was to analyze the relative and absolute reliability of intra-session comparisons in an isometric peak muscle strength protocol in a bilateral standing press (BSP) exercise among female handball players.
Sixteen young female handball players at an international level, aged between 22 ± 4 years, with no prior experience in using functional electromechanical dynamometers (FEMD) participated in this study. The participants initiated the assessment of maximum isometric force in a bipedal stance with a forward projection of the dominant foot between 20 and 30 cm. The knees were kept semi-flexed, and the hip extension of the non-dominant limb ranged from 15 to 20°. Bilateral anterior push of the upper limb was performed with shoulder abduction and elbow flexion at 90°, maintaining a pronated hand position. Participants were instructed to exert three sets of maximal force for 5 s in BSP exercise. Relative reliability was assessed using the model intraclass correlation (ICC) and absolute reliability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of measurement (SEM). For this study, the parameters of maximum and mean muscle strength were considered.
The results demonstrated high relative reliability (ICC 0.93-0.97) and absolute reliability (SEM 0.19-2.79) y (CV 4.78-9.03) for both mean force and peak force, with no significant differences between the sets ( > 0.05), indicating a negligible effect size (0.01-0.12).
The mean and peak isometric muscle strength for the BSP exercise controlled with FEMD in female handball players exhibits high relative and absolute reliability between series.
对手球运动员的力量评估进行系统的可靠方案和程序的制定，使得更彻底的动力学分析和更精确的检测肌肉力量的训练诱导变化成为可能。在双手球运动员中，通过双侧站立按压（BSP）运动评估上肢力量可以模拟防守阶段的阻挡动作，即推和固定。
本研究旨在分析女性手球运动员在双侧站立按压（BSP）运动中进行等长峰值肌肉力量方案的组内比较的相对和绝对可靠性。
16 名国际水平的年轻女性手球运动员参与了本研究，年龄在 22 ± 4 岁之间，以前没有使用功能机电测力计（FEMD）的经验。参与者在双脚站立的情况下，用主导脚向前伸展 20 到 30 厘米，开始评估最大等长力量。膝盖保持半屈，非主导肢体的髋关节伸展范围在 15 到 20°之间。进行双侧上肢前推，肩部外展，肘部弯曲至 90°，保持手旋前姿势。参与者被要求在 BSP 运动中进行三组最大力持续 5 秒的运动。使用组内相关系数（ICC）评估相对可靠性，使用变异系数（CV）和测量标准误差（SEM）评估绝对可靠性。对于本研究，考虑了最大和平均肌肉力量的参数。
结果显示，平均力和峰值力的相对可靠性（ICC 0.93-0.97）和绝对可靠性（SEM 0.19-2.79，CV 4.78-9.03）均较高，且各组之间无显著差异（>0.05），表明效应量较小（0.01-0.12）。
使用 FEMD 控制的女性手球运动员 BSP 运动的平均和峰值等长肌肉力量在组内具有较高的相对和绝对可靠性。
