Cold operational readiness in the military: from science to practice.

Cold weather operations are logistically difficult to orchestrate and extremely challenging for soldiers. Decades of research and empirical evidence indicate that humans are extremely vulnerable to cold and that individual responses are highly variable. In this context, it may be necessary to develop personalised strategies to sustain soldiers' performance and ensure overall mission success in the cold. Systematic cold weather training is essential for soldiers to best prepare to operate during, and recover from, cold weather operations. The purpose of this review is to highlight key aspects of cold weather training, including (1) human responses to cold, (2) nutrition, (3) sleep and (4) protective equipment requirements. Bringing science to practice to improve training principles can facilitate soldiers performing safely and effectively in the cold. Cold weather training prepares soldiers for operations in cold, harsh environments. However, decreases in physical, psychological and thermoregulatory performance have been reported following such training, which influences operational ability and increases the overall risk of injuries. When optimising the planning of field training exercises or operational missions, it is important to understand the soldiers' physical and cognitive performance capacity, as well as their capacity to cope and recover during and after the exercise or mission. Even though the body is fully recovered in terms of body composition or hormonal concentrations, physical or cognitive performance can still be unrecovered. When overlooked, symptoms of overtraining and risk of injury may increase, decreasing operational readiness.