Schwartz A M, Tatosyan K A, Stasenko D V, Kramerov D A
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia.
Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838 Israel.
Mol Biol (Mosk). 2024 Mar-Apr;58(2):220-233.
RNA polymerase III synthesizes a wide range of noncoding RNAs shorter than 400 nucleotides in length. These RNAs are involved in protein synthesis (tRNA, 5S rRNA, and 7SL RNA), maturation, and splicing of different types of RNA (RPR, MRP RNA, and U6 snRNA), regulation of transcription (7SK RNA), replication (Y RNA), and intracellular transport (vault RNA). BC200 and BC1 RNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III in neurons only where these RNAs regulate protein synthesis. Mutations in the regulatory elements of the genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III as well as in transcription factors of this RNA polymerase are associated with the development of a number of diseases, primarily oncological and neurological. In this regard, the mechanisms of regulation of the expression of the genes containing various RNA polymerase III promoters were actively studied. This review describes the structural and functional classification of polymerase III promoters, as well as the factors involved in the regulation of promoters of different types. A number of examples demonstrate the role of the described factors in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
RNA聚合酶III合成多种长度小于400个核苷酸的非编码RNA。这些RNA参与蛋白质合成（tRNA、5S rRNA和7SL RNA）、不同类型RNA的成熟和剪接（RPR、MRP RNA和U6 snRNA）、转录调控（7SK RNA）、复制（Y RNA）以及细胞内运输（穹窿体RNA）。BC200和BC1 RNA基因仅在神经元中由RNA聚合酶III转录，在这些神经元中这些RNA调节蛋白质合成。RNA聚合酶III转录的基因的调控元件以及该RNA聚合酶的转录因子中的突变与许多疾病的发生发展相关，主要是肿瘤和神经疾病。在这方面，人们积极研究了含有各种RNA聚合酶III启动子的基因的表达调控机制。本综述描述了聚合酶III启动子的结构和功能分类，以及参与不同类型启动子调控的因子。大量实例证明了所述因子在人类疾病发病机制中的作用。
