Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; email:
Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; email:
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2024 Oct;40(1):143-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012624-031419.
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic storage organelles with central roles in lipid and energy metabolism. They consist of a core of neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerol, which is surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and specialized surface proteins. The surface composition determines many of the LD properties, such as size, subcellular distribution, and interaction with partner organelles. Considering the diverse energetic and metabolic demands of various cell types, it is not surprising that LDs are highly heterogeneous within and between cell types. Despite their diversity, all LDs share a common biogenesis mechanism. However, adipocytes have evolved specific adaptations of these basic mechanisms, enabling the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism at both the cellular and organismal levels. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of both the general mechanisms of LD biogenesis and the adipocyte-specific adaptations controlling these fascinating organelles.
脂滴（LDs）是具有动态储存功能的细胞器，在脂质和能量代谢中起着核心作用。它们由中性脂质（如三酰基甘油）核心组成，周围是单层磷脂和专门的表面蛋白。表面组成决定了 LD 的许多特性，如大小、亚细胞分布以及与伙伴细胞器的相互作用。考虑到各种细胞类型的不同能量和代谢需求，LD 在细胞内和细胞间高度异质是不足为奇的。尽管存在多样性，但所有 LD 都具有共同的生物发生机制。然而，脂肪细胞已经进化出了这些基本机制的特定适应性，使它们能够在细胞和机体水平上调节脂质和能量代谢。在这里，我们讨论了对 LD 生物发生的一般机制以及控制这些迷人细胞器的脂肪细胞特异性适应性的最新理解进展。
