Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Orebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
Environ Sci Technol. 2024 Oct 15;58(41):18304-18312. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01844. Epub 2024 Oct 3.
To date, considerable knowledge and data gaps regarding the occurrence, environmental levels, and fate of polymeric perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist. In the present study availability, accumulation, and transformation of C4- and C8-fluoroalkylsulfonamide (FASA)-based copolymers were assessed in laboratory-grown earthworms (, triplicate of exposure tests and control). Further, a field study on earthworms (18 pooled samples) in sludge-amended soil was conducted to assess the environmental impact of sludge-amended soil with regard to the FASA-based copolymers, together with the applied sludge ( = 3), and the field soils during the period ( = 4). In the laboratory study, the FASA-based copolymers were taken up by the earthworms in concentrations between 19 and 33 ng/g of dw for the C8- and between 767 and 1735 ng/g of dw for the C4-FASA-based copolymer. Higher biota soil accumulation factors (BAFs) were observed for the copolymer with a longer perfluorinated side-chain length (C8, average BAF value of 0.7) compared to the copolymer with a shorter side-chain length (C4, average BAF value of 0.02). Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetates (FOSAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), including both branched and linear isomers, were detected after exposure to the C8-FASA-based copolymer. Two metabolites were detected in the earthworms exposed to the C4-FASA-based copolymer: perfluorobutanesulfonamide (FBSA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). Although the presence of other monomers or impurities in the copolymer formulation cannot be ruled out, the present laboratory study suggests that the FASA-based copolymers may be an indirect source of lower molecular weight PFAS in the environment through transformation. Elevated levels of C8-FASA-based copolymer were found in the field sludge-amended soil compared to nontreated soil (32 versus 11 ng/g d.w.), and higher concentrations of PFAS in earthworms living in sludge-amended soil compared to nontreated soil (566 versus 103 ng/g d.w.) were observed. These findings imply that the application of sludge is a potential pathway of PFAS to the environment.
迄今为止，人们对聚合全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的发生、环境水平和归宿仍存在大量认识和数据空白。在本研究中，评估了实验室培养的蚯蚓（一式三份暴露试验和对照）中 C4-和 C8-氟烷基亚磺酰胺（FASA）基共聚物的可用性、积累和转化。此外，还在污泥改良土壤中进行了蚯蚓的现场研究（18 个混合样本），以评估就 FASA 基共聚物而言，污泥改良土壤对环境的影响，同时还评估了应用污泥（=3）和该时期的田间土壤（=4）。在实验室研究中，C8-FASA 基共聚物被蚯蚓以 19 至 33ng/g 干重（dw）的浓度摄取，而 C4-FASA 基共聚物的浓度为 767 至 1735ng/g dw。具有较长全氟代侧链长度的共聚物（C8，平均生物富集因子（BAF）值为 0.7）比具有较短侧链长度的共聚物（C4，平均 BAF 值为 0.02）表现出更高的生物土壤积累因子（BAF）。在暴露于 C8-FASA 基共聚物后，检测到全氟辛烷磺酰胺基乙酸盐（FOSAA）和全氟辛烷磺酰胺（FOSA），包括支链和直链异构体。在暴露于 C4-FASA 基共聚物的蚯蚓中检测到两种代谢物：全氟丁烷磺酰胺（FBSA）和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）。尽管不能排除共聚物配方中存在其他单体或杂质，但本实验室研究表明，通过转化，FASA 基共聚物可能是环境中低分子量 PFAS 的间接来源。与未处理土壤相比，田间污泥改良土壤中 C8-FASA 基共聚物的含量较高（32 与 11ng/g dw），生活在污泥改良土壤中的蚯蚓中 PFAS 的浓度也较高（566 与 103ng/g dw）。这些发现意味着，污泥的应用是 PFAS 进入环境的一个潜在途径。
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