Department of Physiology, Universidad de Murcia, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), Murcia, Spain Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
Department of Physiology, Universidad de Murcia, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), Murcia, Spain Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
Theriogenology. 2024 Dec;230:314-321. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.10.002. Epub 2024 Oct 2.
The aim of the present work was to gain insight into the metabolism of pigs derived from assisted reproductive technologies during their adulthood. Approximately 4h after feeding, a blood sample was taken from 3.5 year old sows born by artificial insemination (AI group, n = 7) and transfer of in vitro produced embryos (IVP group, n = 11) to determine the physiological concentrations of the main biomarkers of carbohydrates (glucose and lactate), proteins (albumin, creatinine and urea) and lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides). Four weeks later, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 1.75g glucose/kg body weight) was performed after an overnight fast and 1h of water withdrawal. Blood samples were obtained prior (T = 0 min; fasting conditions) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 min after glucose intake. At each time point, glycemia was measured immediately using glucometer test strips, and serum was collected to determine the above metabolites along with insulin and glucagon. After OGTT, the area under the curve (AUC) between sampling times and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA) indices were calculated. Under physiological conditions, the concentration of metabolites studied was similar between AI and IVP sows. In both groups, fasting decreased cholesterol and increased triglycerides and urea (P < 0.001). However, creatinine and lactate were similar in both groups under physiological and fasting conditions. The expected increase in albuminemia and decrease in glycaemia after fasting was only observed in IVP sows. OGTT revealed a different glucose curve pattern (monophasic in AI and biphasic in IVP group), a lower mean concentration of cholesterol, glucose, lactate, triglycerides in IVP compared to AI pigs (P < 0.01), and a higher mean concentration of albumin, creatinine and insulin in IVP compared to AI group (P < 0.05). On the contrary, no differences were found between groups for mean serum glucagon and urea levels, nor for glucose homeostasis indices HOMA-IR and HOMA-%B. The AUC differed between groups at several time points with larger AUC for creatinine, and smaller AUC for glucose, glucagon, and triglycerides, in IVP pigs than in AI pigs at 180-210 min (P < 0.05). In conclusion, under physiological conditions the metabolic profile of fully-grown AI and IVP sows is similar and within normal ranges. Glucose challenge revealed differences in metabolic and insulin responses between groups but with normal glucose tolerance in both cases.
本研究旨在深入了解通过人工授精（AI 组，n=7）和体外胚胎移植（IVP 组，n=11）出生的成年猪的代谢情况。大约在喂食后 4 小时，从 3.5 岁的母猪中抽取血液样本，以确定碳水化合物（葡萄糖和乳酸）、蛋白质（白蛋白、肌酐和尿素）和脂质（胆固醇和甘油三酯）主要生物标志物的生理浓度。四周后，禁食过夜并饮水 1 小时后，进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT；1.75g 葡萄糖/kg 体重）。在葡萄糖摄入前（T=0 分钟；禁食条件）和 15、30、45、60、90、120、150、180、210 和 240 分钟时采集血液样本。在每个时间点，立即使用血糖仪测试条测量血糖，并采集血清以确定上述代谢物以及胰岛素和胰高血糖素。OGTT 后，计算采样时间之间的曲线下面积（AUC）和稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗（HOMA）指数。在生理条件下，AI 和 IVP 母猪之间研究的代谢物浓度相似。在两组中，禁食均降低胆固醇并增加甘油三酯和尿素（P<0.001）。然而，在生理和禁食条件下，两组的肌酐和乳酸相似。仅在 IVP 母猪中观察到禁食后白蛋白血症增加和血糖降低的预期变化。OGTT 显示出不同的葡萄糖曲线模式（AI 为单相，IVP 为双相），IVP 组的胆固醇、葡萄糖、乳酸和甘油三酯的平均浓度低于 AI 组（P<0.01），IVP 组的白蛋白、肌酐和胰岛素的平均浓度高于 AI 组（P<0.05）。相反，两组间血清胰高血糖素和尿素水平的均值无差异，葡萄糖稳态指数 HOMA-IR 和 HOMA-%B 也无差异。在多个时间点，AUC 在 IVP 组和 AI 组之间存在差异，在 180-210 分钟时，IVP 组的肌酐 AUC 较大，葡萄糖、胰高血糖素和甘油三酯 AUC 较小（P<0.05）。总之，在生理条件下，完全成熟的 AI 和 IVP 母猪的代谢谱相似，且处于正常范围内。葡萄糖刺激显示两组之间的代谢和胰岛素反应存在差异，但两种情况下糖耐量均正常。
