Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Guangqu Road, Beijing, 100022, Beijing, China.
Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Guangqu Road, Beijing, 100022, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2024 Nov;193:115025. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.115025. Epub 2024 Oct 3.
The popularity of caffeinated foods and beverages poses risks of high caffeine exposure among Chinese children and adolescents. Nevertheless, there is a lack of national assessments on their caffeine consumption.
To estimate daily caffeine intake and analyze time trends among Chinese children and adolescents.
The study subjects were participants of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2004, 2006, 2009 and 2011, and the National Food and Beverage Consumption Survey in 2014 and 2018. Caffeine content was determined using chromatographic instrument. The Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to estimate daily caffeine intake and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze differences between population characteristics. To examine yearly trends in caffeine intake from 2004 to 2018, the partial Mann-Kendall test was applied.
The median daily caffeine intake of Chinese children and adolescents was 0.17 (95%CI: 0.15-0.20) mg/kg BW/day. Main contributors were tea (55.52%), sodas (19.52%) and tea beverages (10.37%). Approximately 4.68% of individuals consumed caffeine exceeding 2.5 mg/kg BW/day. Higher caffeine intake was observed in adolescents aged 12-17 years, males, and consumers residing in northeastern China. While no significant overall yearly trends in caffeine intake were detected from 2004 to 2018, there was an increase in intake driven by beverage consumption between 2006 and 2014.
This study provided a national assessment of caffeine consumption among Chinese children and adolescents. Caffeinated beverages like tea, soda, and tea beverages emerged as major contributors to caffeine intake. These findings could contribute to the regulation of caffeine consumption and the promotion of healthy habits among children and adolescents.
含咖啡因的食物和饮料在中国儿童和青少年中的流行，导致他们有摄入高咖啡因的风险。然而，目前还缺乏对中国儿童和青少年咖啡因摄入量的全国评估。
估计中国儿童和青少年的每日咖啡因摄入量，并分析其时间趋势。
研究对象为 2004 年、2006 年、2009 年和 2011 年参加中国健康与营养调查以及 2014 年和 2018 年参加全国食物与饮料消费调查的参与者。采用色谱仪器测定咖啡因含量。采用蒙特卡罗模拟法估计每日咖啡因摄入量，采用 Kruskal-Wallis 检验分析人群特征之间的差异。采用部分 Mann-Kendall 检验分析 2004 年至 2018 年咖啡因摄入量的年度变化趋势。
中国儿童和青少年的日均咖啡因摄入量中位数为 0.17（95%CI：0.15-0.20）mg/kg BW/day。主要来源是茶（55.52%）、苏打水（19.52%）和茶饮料（10.37%）。约有 4.68%的个体摄入的咖啡因超过 2.5mg/kg BW/day。12-17 岁青少年、男性和东北地区居民的咖啡因摄入量较高。虽然 2004 年至 2018 年期间，咖啡因摄入量没有呈现出显著的整体年度变化趋势，但在 2006 年至 2014 年期间，饮料消费导致咖啡因摄入量有所增加。
本研究提供了中国儿童和青少年咖啡因摄入量的全国评估。茶、苏打水和茶饮料等含咖啡因的饮料是咖啡因摄入的主要来源。这些发现有助于规范儿童和青少年的咖啡因摄入，促进其养成健康习惯。
