Institute for Sustainable Waste & Decommissioning, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 60, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
Institute for Sustainable Waste & Decommissioning, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Nov;370:122746. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122746. Epub 2024 Oct 5.
This review discusses recent advances in the use of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) to host high heat and radiation-emitting cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) wastes. It examines the evolution of geopolymerization, mechanical properties, mineralogy, microstructure, and leaching behavior of Cs-and/or Sr-bearing AAMs, considering their chemical interaction with Cs and Sr nuclides and exposure to temperature and gamma radiation induced by Cs and Sr. The literature indicates that Cs and Sr slightly degrade the mechanical properties of AAMs, with Sr having a more pronounced effect. For AAMs with a low SiO/AlO ratio, decay heat from Cs and Sr can crystallize zeolitic phases, which are beneficial in the short term but detrimental in the long term because of their low stability against gamma radiation. Cs was immobilized via ion exchange within the aluminosilicate phase and Sr mainly by precipitation, but the immobilization of their respective daughter nuclides Ba and Zr was not demonstrated. Gamma radiation exposure does not significantly alter AAM properties, and nitrates in Cs and Sr-bearing wastes reduce gamma-induced water radiolysis. AAMs are promising hosts for Cs and Sr-bearing wastes, but further studies are needed using realistic Cs and Sr waste loading to evaluate the synergistic effects of Cs and Sr chemical behavior, decay heat, and gamma irradiation on the evolution of properties of waste forms, and the ability of AAMs to accommodate daughter nuclides Ba and Zr.
本文综述了碱激活材料（AAMs）在容纳高放热量和放射性铯（Cs）和锶（Sr）废物方面的最新进展。考察了地质聚合反应、力学性能、矿物学、微观结构和 Cs 和 Sr 放射性核素浸出行为的演变，考虑了它们与 Cs 和 Sr 核素的化学相互作用以及 Cs 和 Sr 诱导的温度和伽马辐射暴露。文献表明，Cs 和 Sr 略微降低了 AAMs 的力学性能，Sr 的影响更为显著。对于 SiO/AlO 比低的 AAMs，Cs 和 Sr 的衰变热会结晶沸石相，这在短期内是有益的，但从长期来看是不利的，因为它们对伽马辐射的稳定性较低。Cs 通过离子交换固定在铝硅酸盐相中，Sr 主要通过沉淀固定，但没有证明它们各自的子核 Ba 和 Zr 的固定。伽马辐射暴露不会显著改变 AAM 的性能，而 Cs 和 Sr 废物中的硝酸盐会减少伽马诱导的水辐射分解。AAMs 是 Cs 和 Sr 废物的有前途的宿主，但需要进一步研究使用实际的 Cs 和 Sr 废物负荷来评估 Cs 和 Sr 化学行为、衰变热和伽马辐照对废物形式特性演变的协同效应，以及 AAMs 容纳子核 Ba 和 Zr 的能力。
