Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Dec 15;363(Pt 1):125056. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125056. Epub 2024 Oct 5.
The widespread and extensive use of pesticides in European crop production to reduce losses from weeds, diseases, and insects may have serious consequences on the ecosystem and human health. This study aimed to identify 20 active substances of high health risk, based on their detection frequency within and across the environmental matrices (soil, crop, water, and sediment) and to identify their associated hazardous effects. A sampling campaign was conducted across 10 case study sites in Europe and 1 in Argentina and included conventional and organic farming systems. In 31% of cases, the detected substances were found at a higher concentration in the soil than in the corresponding crops, 93% of the compounds were fungicides, and the remainder were insecticides. 43% of the substances, 57% of which were insecticides, were detected only in soil. There was a clear relationship between soils and crops in terms of contamination, but not between water and sediment. Portuguese soil (wine grapes) had the highest number of substances (12) with average concentrations (AC) varying between 1 and 162 μg/kg, followed by French (11 substances in wine grapes) (1≤AC≤64 μg/kg) and Spanish soils (9 substances in vegetables) (3≤AC≤59 μg/kg). The crops corresponding to these soils contained a relatively high number of detected substances and several in high average concentrations (AC). The risk quotient was consistently higher for conventional farms than for organic farms. For the soils from conventional farms, 5 active substances (chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, boscalid, difenoconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and one metabolite: AMPA) were considered high risk. For water samples, 2 substances (dieldrin and terbuthylazine) found were high risk, and for sediment, there were 3 substances (metalaxyl-M, spiroxamine, and lambda-cyhalothrin). There were 6 substances detected in crops that are suspected to cause human health effects. Uncontaminated soil is a prerequisite for the adoption of sustainable alternatives to pesticides. Efforts are needed to elucidate the unknown effects of mixtures, including biocides and banned compounds in addition to the substances used in agriculture.
在欧洲的作物生产中，广泛使用农药来减少杂草、疾病和昆虫造成的损失，这可能对生态系统和人类健康产生严重后果。本研究旨在根据其在环境基质（土壤、作物、水和沉积物）中的检测频率，确定 20 种具有高健康风险的活性物质，并确定其相关的危害效应。在欧洲的 10 个案例研究地点和阿根廷的 1 个地点进行了一项采样活动，包括常规和有机农业系统。在 31%的情况下，在土壤中检测到的物质浓度高于相应作物，93%的化合物为杀菌剂，其余为杀虫剂。43%的物质，其中 57%为杀虫剂，仅在土壤中检测到。土壤和作物之间存在明显的污染关系，但水和沉积物之间没有。就物质数量而言，葡萄牙土壤（酿酒葡萄）最高（12 种），平均浓度（AC）在 1 至 162μg/kg 之间，其次是法国（酿酒葡萄中 11 种物质）（1≤AC≤64μg/kg）和西班牙土壤（蔬菜中 9 种物质）（3≤AC≤59μg/kg）。与这些土壤相对应的作物含有相对较高数量的检测物质和几种高平均浓度（AC）的物质。常规农场的风险商数始终高于有机农场。对于常规农场的土壤，有 5 种活性物质（毒死蜱、草甘膦、百菌清、咯菌腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯和一种代谢物：AMPA）被认为是高风险物质。对于水样，发现有 2 种物质（狄氏剂和特丁津）为高风险物质，而对于沉积物，有 3 种物质（甲霜灵-M、螺螨酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯）。在作物中检测到 6 种被怀疑对人类健康有影响的物质。未受污染的土壤是采用可持续农药替代品的前提条件。需要努力阐明混合物的未知影响，包括除农业中使用的物质之外的杀生物剂和被禁用的化合物。
