Marrugo-Padilla Albeiro, Atencio-Diaz Aylin Berussa, Barros-Domínguez Maria Fernanda, Guerra-Rivadeneira Jose Daniel, Hernandez-Cuesta Laura Valentina, Viloria-Gamez Leandra Marcela
Grupo TOXSA, Programa de Medicina, Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena, Colombia.
Estudiantes del Programa de Medicina, Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena, Colombia.
J Appl Toxicol. 2025 Jun;45(6):902-915. doi: 10.1002/jat.4706. Epub 2024 Oct 7.
Siloxanes, commonly known as silicones, are polymeric compounds made up of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded together alternately. Within this group of substances are linear methyl-siloxanes and cyclic methyl-siloxanes, with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) being the most produced and used industrially. Due to their versatility, high production volume, stability, and local presence in environmental matrices and biological fluids such as breast milk, fat, and plasma, siloxanes have been considered persistent organic pollutants, representing a public health problem. This represents a public health concern, especially when different investigations have reported potential endocrine effects at the reproductive level in experimental animals exposed to D4 and D5. The objective of this study was to review the potential reproductive and endocrine effects derived from siloxanes present in personal care products (PCPs). The results of the literature review confirmed that D4 and D5 were the most used siloxanes as additives in PCP because they improve the emollient properties of the cosmetic and the physical appearance of hair and skin. Similarly the toxicological effects of siloxanes, particularly D4, D5, and D6 included significant endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, and liver toxicity. Studies in SD and F-344 rats, commonly used to assess these effects, have shown that D4 has low estrogenic activity, binding to ER-α receptors, whereas D5 does not bind to estrogen receptors. D4 exposure has been associated with increased uterine weight and estrous cycle alterations, leading to prolonged exposure to estrogens, which raises the risk of endometrial hyperproliferation and carcinogenesis. Recent research highlights that D5 exposure disrupts follicle growth, endometrial receptivity, and steroidogenesis, resulting in infertility and hormonal imbalances, potentially causing disorders like endometriosis and increased cancer risk. Chronic exposure to D5 has been linked to the development of uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma, with higher doses further elevating this risk.
硅氧烷，通常被称为硅酮，是由硅原子和氧原子交替键合而成的聚合化合物。在这类物质中，有线性甲基硅氧烷和环状甲基硅氧烷，其中八甲基环四硅氧烷（D4）和十甲基环五硅氧烷（D5）在工业生产和使用中最为常见。由于其多功能性、高产量、稳定性以及在环境基质和生物流体（如母乳、脂肪和血浆）中的局部存在，硅氧烷被视为持久性有机污染物，构成了一个公共卫生问题。这引起了公众对健康的关注，尤其是当不同的研究报告称，在接触D4和D5的实验动物中，生殖水平存在潜在的内分泌影响时。本研究的目的是综述个人护理产品（PCP）中存在的硅氧烷对生殖和内分泌的潜在影响。文献综述的结果证实，D4和D5是PCP中最常用作添加剂的硅氧烷，因为它们能改善化妆品的润肤性能以及头发和皮肤的外观。同样，硅氧烷的毒理学效应，特别是D4、D5和D6，包括显著的内分泌干扰、生殖毒性和肝脏毒性。常用于评估这些效应的SD和F - 344大鼠研究表明，D4具有低雌激素活性，能与ER - α受体结合，而D5不与雌激素受体结合。接触D4与子宫重量增加和发情周期改变有关，导致雌激素暴露延长，从而增加子宫内膜过度增殖和致癌的风险。最近的研究强调，接触D5会扰乱卵泡生长、子宫内膜容受性和类固醇生成，导致不孕和激素失衡，可能引发子宫内膜异位症等疾病并增加患癌风险。长期接触D5与子宫内膜腺癌的发生有关，更高剂量会进一步增加这种风险。
