Moravcová Monika, Siatka Tomáš, Krčmová Lenka Kujovská, Matoušová Kateřina, Mladěnka Přemysl
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
Nutr Res Rev. 2025 Jun;38(1):338-370. doi: 10.1017/S0954422424000210. Epub 2024 Oct 8.
Vitamin B, cobalamin, is indispensable for humans owing to its participation in two biochemical reactions: the conversion of l-methylmalonyl coenzyme A to succinyl coenzyme A, and the formation of methionine by methylation of homocysteine. Eukaryotes, encompassing plants, fungi, animals and humans, do not synthesise vitamin B, in contrast to prokaryotes. Humans must consume it in their diet. The most important sources include meat, milk and dairy products, fish, shellfish and eggs. Due to this, vegetarians are at risk to develop a vitamin B deficiency and it is recommended that they consume fortified food. Vitamin B behaves differently to most vitamins of the B complex in several aspects, e.g. it is more stable, has a very specific mechanism of absorption and is stored in large amounts in the organism. This review summarises all its biological aspects (including its structure and natural sources as well as its stability in food, pharmacokinetics and physiological function) as well as causes, symptoms, diagnosis (with a summary of analytical methods for its measurement), prevention and treatment of its deficiency, and its pharmacological use and potential toxicity.
维生素B，即钴胺素，对人类而言不可或缺，因为它参与两种生化反应：将L-甲基丙二酰辅酶A转化为琥珀酰辅酶A，以及通过同型半胱氨酸甲基化形成蛋氨酸。与原核生物不同，包括植物、真菌、动物和人类在内的真核生物不能合成维生素B。人类必须通过饮食摄入它。最重要的来源包括肉类、牛奶和奶制品、鱼类、贝类和蛋类。因此，素食者有患维生素B缺乏症的风险，建议他们食用强化食品。维生素B在几个方面与大多数B族维生素表现不同，例如它更稳定，有非常特殊的吸收机制，并且在体内大量储存。本综述总结了其所有生物学方面（包括其结构、天然来源以及在食物中的稳定性、药代动力学和生理功能），以及其缺乏症的病因、症状、诊断（总结其测量的分析方法）、预防和治疗，及其药理学用途和潜在毒性。
