College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Microbiol Spectr. 2024 Nov 5;12(11):e0319923. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03199-23. Epub 2024 Oct 8.
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) is spreading worldwide and causing huge economic losses to the global pig industry. The ASFV genome is 170-193 kb in length, contains approximately 150 open reading frames, and encodes more than 200 proteins, most of which have unknown functions. Owing to the unique viral structure, replication strategy, large number of genes of unknown function, and complicated pathogenesis, vaccine development research is challenging. Several naturally attenuated ASFV isolates have been extensively investigated and many genetically manipulated, gene-deleted, and cell-adapted ASFVs have been reported. Currently, live attenuated viruses prepared from weakly virulent strains are an efficient method to provide effective protection in vaccinated pigs; however, these have seldom been widely approved for vaccine use, except in Vietnam. Herein, we summarize the attenuated isolates or vaccine candidates for live vaccines derived from different sources, including naturally mutated, attenuated, cell-adapted, and genetically modified recombinant ASFVs. This will help to understand the gene function and immunogenicity of attenuated live ASFV, as well as the shortcomings of these viruses as vaccine candidates, and provide clues to prepare live, efficient, and safe vaccines for African swine fever.IMPORTANCEOutbreaks of African swine fever (ASF) have caused devastating losses to the global pig industry. Pigs immunized with ASFV attenuated virus can resist the lethal challenge of a strongly virulent virus. Here, we summarize the virulence of naturally mutated, cell-adapted, and genetically recombinant ASFV for pigs, and the protective effect after facing an attack challenge. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of ASFV attenuated viruses as vaccine candidates to provide clues for the preparation of efficient and safe live African swine fever vaccines.
非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）在全球范围内传播，给全球养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。ASFV 基因组长度为 170-193kb，包含约 150 个开放阅读框，编码 200 多种蛋白质，其中大多数功能未知。由于独特的病毒结构、复制策略、大量功能未知的基因和复杂的发病机制，疫苗开发研究具有挑战性。已经广泛研究了几种天然减毒的 ASFV 分离株，并且已经报道了许多遗传改造、基因缺失和细胞适应的 ASFVs。目前，用弱毒株制备的活疫苗是为接种猪提供有效保护的有效方法；然而，除了越南之外，这些疫苗很少被广泛批准用于疫苗接种。在此，我们总结了来自不同来源的减毒活疫苗的减毒分离株或候选疫苗，包括天然突变、减毒、细胞适应和基因工程重组 ASFVs。这将有助于了解减毒活 ASFV 的基因功能和免疫原性，以及这些病毒作为候选疫苗的缺点，并为制备活的、高效的和安全的非洲猪瘟疫苗提供线索。
重要性
非洲猪瘟（ASF）的爆发给全球养猪业造成了毁灭性的损失。用 ASFV 减毒病毒免疫的猪可以抵抗强毒病毒的致死性攻击。在这里，我们总结了天然突变、细胞适应和基因重组 ASFV 对猪的毒力以及面临攻击挑战后的保护作用。我们还分析了 ASFV 减毒病毒作为疫苗候选物的优缺点，为制备高效安全的非洲猪瘟活疫苗提供线索。
