Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Institute for Systems Medicine and Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Dev Psychobiol. 2024 Nov;66(7):e22556. doi: 10.1002/dev.22556.
Recent research has highlighted cerebellar involvement in cognition and several psychiatric conditions such as mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder have been linked to reduced cerebellar volume as well. Cerebellar alterations are frequently present after early adversity in humans and animals, but a systematic integration of results is lacking. To this end, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases using the keywords "early adversity OR early life stress" AND "cerebellum OR cerebellar." A total of 45 publications met the inclusion criteria: 25 studies investigated human subjects and 20 reported results from animal models. Findings in healthy subjects show bilateral volume reduction and decreased functional connectivity within the cerebellum and between the cerebellum and frontal regions after adversity throughout life, especially when adversity was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. In clinical populations, adults demonstrate increased cerebellar volume and functional connectivity after adversity, whereas pediatric patients show reduced cerebellar volume. Animal findings reveal cerebellar alterations without necessarily co-occurring pathological behavior, highlighting alterations in stress hormone receptor levels, cell density, and neuroinflammation markers. Cerebellar alterations after early adversity are robust findings across human and animal studies and occur independent of clinical symptoms.
最近的研究强调了小脑在认知和几种精神疾病中的作用，如情绪和焦虑障碍以及精神分裂症。注意力缺陷/多动障碍和自闭症谱系障碍也与小脑体积减小有关。在人类和动物中，早期逆境后经常出现小脑改变，但缺乏系统的结果整合。为此，我们在 PubMed、Web of Science 和 EBSCO 数据库中使用了“早期逆境或早期生活压力”和“小脑或小脑”这两个关键词进行了系统的文献检索。共有 45 篇出版物符合纳入标准：25 项研究调查了人类受试者，20 项报告了动物模型的结果。在健康受试者中发现，在整个生命过程中经历逆境后，小脑的双侧体积减小，功能连接性降低，小脑与额叶区域之间的功能连接性降低，尤其是当使用童年创伤问卷评估逆境时。在临床人群中，成年人表现出逆境后小脑体积和功能连接性增加，而儿科患者则表现出小脑体积减小。动物研究结果显示，小脑改变不一定伴有病理性行为，突出了应激激素受体水平、细胞密度和神经炎症标志物的改变。早期逆境后小脑的改变是跨人类和动物研究的强有力发现，并且独立于临床症状发生。
