Rat shoulder contracture models: Techniques, evaluation, pathophysiology, and applications in developing treatment interventions.

Studies on the pathophysiology of shoulder contracture and development of interventions have greatly benefited from the use of animal models. This narrative review comprehensively analyzes research on established rat model of shoulder contracture and new treatment approaches. This review evaluated existing literature on the available techniques for inducing contracture models, assessed these models, conducted pathological analyses, and explored their application in developing new treatment interventions. Our review highlights the usefulness of different rat shoulder contracture models, including external immobilization, internal immobilization, and intra-articular injection models, each with varying levels of success. Pathological analyses have demonstrated similarities to the human condition. The effective models have been instrumental in developing new treatment interventions, including recombinant human relaxin-2, platelet-rich plasma, collagenase clostridium histolyticum, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists. Therefore, rat shoulder contracture models serve as valuable tools for researchers to establish an effective animal model foundation for investigating the etiology and potential treatment.