Xiao Rui, Ji Dingkun, Wu Liugang, Fang Ziyan, Guo Yanhui, Hao Weiju
School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2025 Feb;679(Pt A):566-577. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.10.010. Epub 2024 Oct 4.
The development of cost-effective and corrosion-resistant catalytic electrodes for chlorine/oxygen evolution reaction (CER/OER) in large-scale industrial applications is a significant challenge. Herein, the sol-gel method is employed to achieve a uniform coating of ruthenium (Ru) doping copper (Cu) on titanium sheet (Ru + 20 %Cu@Ti), and the highly efficient industrial grade stable Ti dimensional stable anode can be quickly constructed at 723.15 K for 2 h. Cu doping reduces the vacancy formation energy of surface oxygen, promotes additional lattice oxygen vacancy assisted hydrolysis dissociation pathway, improves the selectivity and specific activity of CER at high concentration doping, and reduces the binding energy of OER intermediates (e.g., *OH, *O, and *OOH) at adjacent Ru active sites. The overpotentials require to reach the current density of 10 mA cm for CER and OER were only 365 mV and 232 mV at the conditions of 5.0 M NaCl (pH = 7.0) and 1.0 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl. More importantly, Ru + 20 %Cu@Ti demonstrates excellent stability, operates continuously for over 340h at industrial current density in neutral and alkaline electrolytes, and its strengthening life reaches 64 h, with ultra-low performance attenuation. Impressively, the designed applied electrode (8.0 cm ✕ 15.0 cm) achieves long-term CER at 0.2-0.3 A cm. Further industrial grade evaluation of CER shows that its chlorine extraction polarizability, enhances life and weight loss meet the requirements of industrial applications.
开发用于大规模工业应用中氯析出反应（CER）/析氧反应（OER）的具有成本效益且耐腐蚀的催化电极是一项重大挑战。在此，采用溶胶 - 凝胶法在钛片（Ru + 20%Cu@Ti）上实现钌（Ru）掺杂铜（Cu）的均匀涂层，并可在723.15 K下2小时快速构建高效的工业级稳定钛基形稳阳极。Cu掺杂降低了表面氧的空位形成能，促进了额外的晶格氧空位辅助水解解离途径，提高了高浓度掺杂时CER的选择性和比活性，并降低了相邻Ru活性位点上OER中间体（如*OH、O和OOH）的结合能。在5.0 M NaCl（pH = 7.0）和1.0 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl条件下，CER和OER达到10 mA cm电流密度所需的过电位分别仅为365 mV和232 mV。更重要的是，Ru + 20%Cu@Ti表现出优异的稳定性，在中性和碱性电解质中工业电流密度下连续运行超过340小时，其强化寿命达到64小时，性能衰减极低。令人印象深刻的是，设计的应用电极（8.0 cm × 15.0 cm）在0.2 - 0.3 A cm下实现了长期CER。对CER的进一步工业级评估表明，其析氯极化率、强化寿命和重量损失均满足工业应用要求。
