Costs and resource distribution of direct services for HIV in Uganda.

OBJECTIVE

In high HIV-burden countries like Uganda, financing and resource allocation for HIV services have rapidly evolved. This study aimed to employ time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) to examine the allocation of resources and associated costs for HIV care throughout the country.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

SETTING

This study was conducted at 31 health facilities throughout Uganda: 16 level III health centres, 10 level IV health centres and 5 district hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

1119 persons receiving HIV services in 2020.

METHODS

We conducted TDABC to quantify costs, resource consumption and duration of service provision associated with antiretroviral therapy, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, HIV counselling and testing (HCT), voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and pre-exposure prophylaxis. We also quantified disparities in resource consumption according to client-level and facility-level characteristics to examine equity. Fixed-effects multivariable regression analyses were employed to inspect factors associated with service costs and provider-client interaction time.

RESULTS

The mean cost of services ranged from US$8.18 per visit for HCT to US$32.28 for VMMC. In terms of disparities, those in the Western region received more provider time during visits compared with other regions (35 more minutes, p<0.001); and those receiving care at private facilities received more provider time compared with public facilities (13 more minutes, p=0.02); and those at level IV health centres received more time compared with those at level III (12 more minutes, p=0.01). Absent consumables, services for older adults (US$2.28 higher, p=0.02), those with comorbidities (US$1.44 higher, p<0.001) and those living in the Western region (US$2.88 higher, p<0.001) were more expensive compared with younger adults, those without comorbidities and those in other regions, respectively. Inclusive of consumables, services were higher-cost for individuals in wealthier households (US$0.83 higher, p=0.03) and those visiting level IV health centres (US$3.41 higher, p=0.006) compared with level III.

CONCLUSIONS

Costs and resources for HIV care vary widely throughout Uganda. This variation requires careful consideration: some sources of variation may be indicative of vertical and horizontal equity within the health system, while others may be suggestive of inequities.