Loke Ying Hui, Jayakrishnan Achuth, Mod Razif Muhammad Redza Fahmi, Yee Kar Ming, Kee Phei Er, Goh Bey Hing, Helal Uddin A B M, Lakshminarayanan Vijayakumar, Liew Kai Bin
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Microbiology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641028, Tamil Nadu, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2025;31(5):360-376. doi: 10.2174/0113816128338560240923073357.
The oral route of drug administration is often preferred by patients and healthcare providers due to its convenience, ease of use, non-invasiveness, and patient acceptance. However, traditional oral dosage forms have several limitations, including low bioavailability, limited drug loading capacity, and stability and storage issues, particularly with solutions and suspensions. Over the years, researchers have dedicated considerable effort to developing novel oral drug delivery systems to overcome these limitations. This review discusses various challenges associated with oral drug delivery systems, including biological, pharmaceutical, and physicochemical barriers. It also explores common delivery approaches, such as gastroretentive drug delivery, small intestine drug delivery, and colon-targeting drug delivery systems. Additionally, numerous strategies aimed at improving oral drug delivery efficiency are reviewed, including solid dispersion, absorption enhancers, lipidbased formulations, nanoparticles, polymer-based nanocarriers, liposomal formulations, microencapsulation, and micellar formulations. Furthermore, innovative approaches like orally disintegrating tablets (ODT), orally disintegrating films (ODF), layered tablets, micro particulates, self-nano emulsifying formulations (SNEF), and controlled release dosage forms are explored for their potential in enhancing oral drug delivery efficiency and promoting patients' compliance. Overall, this review highlights significant progress in addressing challenges in the pharmaceutical industry and clinical settings, offering novel approaches for the development of effective oral drug delivery systems.
由于其便利性、易用性、非侵入性以及患者的接受度，药物的口服给药途径通常受到患者和医护人员的青睐。然而，传统的口服剂型存在一些局限性，包括生物利用度低、载药量有限以及稳定性和储存问题，尤其是溶液剂和混悬剂。多年来，研究人员致力于开发新型口服给药系统以克服这些局限性。本综述讨论了与口服给药系统相关的各种挑战，包括生物、药学和物理化学屏障。它还探讨了常见的给药方法，如胃滞留型药物递送、小肠药物递送和结肠靶向给药系统。此外，还综述了旨在提高口服给药效率的众多策略，包括固体分散体、吸收促进剂、脂质制剂、纳米颗粒、基于聚合物的纳米载体、脂质体制剂、微囊化和胶束制剂。此外，还探讨了口腔崩解片（ODT）、口腔崩解膜（ODF）、多层片、微粒、自纳米乳化制剂（SNEF）和控释剂型等创新方法在提高口服给药效率和促进患者依从性方面的潜力。总体而言，本综述突出了在解决制药行业和临床环境中的挑战方面取得的重大进展，为开发有效的口服给药系统提供了新方法。
