Kaczmarek Marvin, Entling Martin H, Hoffmann Christoph
Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Plant Protection in Viticulture Siebeldingen Germany.
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau Landau in der Pfalz Germany.
Ecol Evol. 2024 Oct 13;14(10):e70378. doi: 10.1002/ece3.70378. eCollection 2024 Oct.
In agricultural landscapes, the removal of semi-natural habitats (SNH) and the intensive use of pesticides contribute to declines of biodiversity, including crop pollinators such as bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). However, effects of pesticide use and landscape characteristics on bees have rarely been studied together. In this study, we investigated how SNH in the surrounding landscape, organic and conventional management, and the reduction of fungicides affect wild bee diversity in 32 vineyards in southwest Germany. We used yellow pan traps to sample bees in a crossed design of management (organic vs. conventional) and fungicide use (reduced in fungus-resistant grape varieties vs. regular) along a gradient with increasing proportions of SNH in the surrounding landscape. Higher proportions of SNH influenced species composition of bees and increased the abundance and richness of above-ground-nesting species. Organic vineyards had a 49% higher abundance of bees compared to conventional vineyards. The reduction of fungicides did not affect bee diversity nor abundance. The absence of a response to fungicide intensity suggests that the benefit of organically managed vineyards to wild bees was through differences in their vegetation management, which is in line with the positive response of bees to SNH in the surrounding landscape. Synthesis and applications: Our study underlines that the local provision of diverse vegetation in vineyards and the landscape-scale provision of suitable SNH are key factors for wild bee conservation in viticulture.
在农业景观中，半自然栖息地（SNH）的移除以及农药的大量使用导致了生物多样性的下降，其中包括蜜蜂（膜翅目：蜜蜂总科）等作物传粉者。然而，农药使用和景观特征对蜜蜂的影响很少被同时研究。在本研究中，我们调查了德国西南部32个葡萄园周边景观中的半自然栖息地、有机和传统管理方式以及杀菌剂用量的减少如何影响野生蜜蜂的多样性。我们使用黄色诱虫盘，在周边景观中半自然栖息地比例逐渐增加的梯度上，采用管理方式（有机与传统）和杀菌剂使用（抗病葡萄品种中减少与常规）的交叉设计对蜜蜂进行采样。较高比例的半自然栖息地影响了蜜蜂的物种组成，并增加了地面筑巢物种的丰度和丰富度。与传统葡萄园相比，有机葡萄园的蜜蜂丰度高出49%。杀菌剂用量的减少并未影响蜜蜂的多样性和丰度。对杀菌剂强度缺乏响应表明，有机管理葡萄园对野生蜜蜂的益处在于其植被管理的差异，这与蜜蜂对周边景观中半自然栖息地的积极响应一致。综合与应用：我们的研究强调，葡萄园当地提供多样的植被以及景观尺度上提供合适的半自然栖息地是葡萄栽培中野生蜜蜂保护的关键因素。
