Optical sensors for transdermal biomarker detection: A review.

This review has explored optical sensors and their important role in non-invasive transdermal biomarker detection. While electrochemical sensors have been thoroughly studied for biomarker tracking, optical sensors present a compelling alternative due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, multiplex capabilities, cost-efficiency, and small form factor. This review examines the latest advancements in optical sensing technologies for transdermal biomarker detection, such as colorimetry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber optics, photonic crystals, and Raman spectroscopy. These technologies have been applied in the analysis of biomarkers present in sweat and skin gases, which are essential for non-invasive health monitoring. Furthermore, the review has discussed the challenges and future perspectives of optical sensors in in transdermal biomarker detection. The analysis of various sensor types and their applications highlights the transformative potential of optical sensors in enhancing disease diagnostics and promoting proactive health management.