Unlocking Macrophage Secrets: Histone Deacetylases in Chronic Transplant Rejection.

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) offers life-saving therapy for patients with organ failure, yet chronic rejection remains a significant challenge despite advances in immunosuppression. Macrophages are central to chronic rejection, orchestrating fibrosis, and tissue damage. Since it became clear that histone deacetylases (HDACs), a family of epigenetic regulators, modulate macrophage function and polarization and eventually affect fibrosis progression, the HDACs modulation has gained great importance. This review explores the role of HDACs in chronic rejection, focusing on their impact on macrophage polarization and fibrosis. While some HDACs promote M2 polarization and fibrosis, others inhibit these processes, highlighting the complexity of HDAC function. Targeting HDACs holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for chronic rejection, offering a potential approach for intervention in transplant recipients. However, further research is needed to elucidate the specific roles of individual HDAC isoforms and their inhibition in chronic rejection.