Henriques Cristina, da Ana Raquel, Krambeck Karolline, Miguel Sónia, Santini Antonello, Zielińska Aleksandra, Souto Eliana B
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
Health Sciences School, Guarda Polytechnic Institute, Rua da Cadeia, 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal.
J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 28;13(19):5815. doi: 10.3390/jcm13195815.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy, offering unprecedented specificity and diverse mechanisms to combat malignant cells. These biologic agents have emerged as a cornerstone in targeted cancer treatment, binding to specific antigens on cancer cells and exerting their therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including inhibition of signaling pathways, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). The unique ability of mAbs to engage the immune system and directly interfere with cancer cell function has significantly enhanced the therapeutic armamentarium against a broad spectrum of malignancies. mAbs were initially studied in oncology; however, today, treatments have been developed for eye diseases. This review discusses the current applications of mAbs for the treatment of ocular diseases, discussing the specificity and the variety of mechanisms by which these molecules exhibit their therapeutic effects. The benefits, drawbacks, effectiveness, and risks associated with using mAbs in ophthalmology are highlighted, focusing on the most relevant ocular diseases and mAbs currently in use. Technological advances have led to in vitro production methods and recombinant engineering techniques, allowing the development of chimeric, humanized, and fully human mAbs. Nowadays, many humanized mAbs have several applications, e.g., for the treatment of age-related macular disease, diabetic retinopathy, and uveitis, while studies about new applications of mAbs, such as for SARS-CoV-2 infection, are also currently ongoing to seek more efficient and safe approaches to treat this new ocular disease.
单克隆抗体（mAbs）彻底改变了癌症治疗的格局，为对抗恶性细胞提供了前所未有的特异性和多样机制。这些生物制剂已成为靶向癌症治疗的基石，它们与癌细胞上的特定抗原结合，并通过多种机制发挥治疗作用，包括抑制信号通路、抗体依赖性细胞毒性（ADCC）、补体依赖性细胞毒性（CDC）和抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用（ADCP）。单克隆抗体参与免疫系统并直接干扰癌细胞功能的独特能力显著增强了针对多种恶性肿瘤的治疗手段。单克隆抗体最初是在肿瘤学领域进行研究的；然而，如今已开发出用于眼部疾病的治疗方法。本综述讨论了单克隆抗体在眼部疾病治疗中的当前应用，探讨了这些分子发挥治疗作用的特异性和多种机制。重点介绍了在眼科使用单克隆抗体的益处、缺点、有效性和风险，聚焦于目前最相关的眼部疾病和正在使用的单克隆抗体。技术进步带来了体外生产方法和重组工程技术，使得嵌合型、人源化和全人源单克隆抗体得以开发。如今，许多人源化单克隆抗体有多种应用，例如用于治疗年龄相关性黄斑病变、糖尿病性视网膜病变和葡萄膜炎，同时关于单克隆抗体新应用的研究，如用于治疗严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染，目前也在进行中，以寻求更有效、安全的方法来治疗这种新型眼部疾病。
