A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Plant Sources of Juglanin: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives.

Juglanin (kaempferol 3--α-L-arabinofuranoside) is a flavonol glycoside occurring in many plants, including its commercial sources , and . Recent extensive studies have explored the potential of using juglanin in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disorders, central nervous and skeletal system disorders, metabolic syndrome, hepatic injury, and cancers. The results indicated a wide range of effects, like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-angiogenic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, anti-apoptotic (normal cells), and pro-apoptotic (cancer cells). The health-promoting properties of juglanin can be attributed to its influence on many signaling pathways, associated with SIRT1, AMPK, Nrf2, STING, TLR4, MAPKs, NF-κB, AKT, JAK, and their downstream genes. This review primarily summarizes the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and human use safety of juglanin. In addition, the most promising new plant sources and other existing challenges and prospects have also been reviewed and discussed, aiming to provide direction and rationale for the further development and broader pharmaceutical application of juglanin.