Lange Camila Neves, Freire Bruna Moreira, Monteiro Lucilena Rebelo, Cotrim Marycel Elena Barboza, Batista Bruno Lemos
Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, Brazil.
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Oct 7;13(19):2807. doi: 10.3390/plants13192807.
This study investigates the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in lettuce ( L.) grown in urban gardens in a highly industrialized city in Brazil and evaluates the effectiveness of different washing methods in reducing contamination. Ten elements (arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)) were analyzed for their concentration, and a health risk assessment was performed. The results showed that Pb concentrations in lettuce from gardens near the Capuava Petrochemical Complex reached 0.77 mg kg, exceeding both national and international safety limits. The most effective washing procedure involved the use of sodium hypochlorite, which reduced As by 46%, Pb by 48%, and V by 52%. However, elements such as Ba, Cd, Cr, and Ni showed limited reductions of less than 10% across all washing methods. Health risk assessments revealed a particular concern for children, with the total cancer risk (TCR) exceeding acceptable limits in some gardens. Isotopic analysis of Pb revealed that atmospheric pollution from gasoline emissions and industrial activities were the primary sources of contamination. The elevated levels of Pb, Cr, and As highlight the need for targeted health education in local communities, especially regarding the importance of proper washing techniques. Risk management strategies, including improved contamination control and public awareness, are crucial to minimize exposure to these harmful elements, particularly in vulnerable populations like children.
本研究调查了巴西一个高度工业化城市的城市花园中种植的生菜（L.）中潜在有毒元素（PTEs）的存在情况，并评估了不同清洗方法在减少污染方面的有效性。分析了十种元素（砷（As）、钡（Ba）、镉（Cd）、钴（Co）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、钒（V）和锌（Zn））的浓度，并进行了健康风险评估。结果表明，卡普阿瓦石化综合设施附近花园中生菜的铅浓度达到0.77毫克/千克，超过了国家和国际安全限值。最有效的清洗程序是使用次氯酸钠，它能使砷减少46%，铅减少48%，钒减少52%。然而，钡、镉、铬和镍等元素在所有清洗方法下的减少幅度均有限，不到10%。健康风险评估显示儿童尤其值得关注，在一些花园中总癌症风险（TCR）超过了可接受限值。铅的同位素分析表明，汽油排放和工业活动产生的大气污染是主要污染源。铅、铬和砷的含量升高凸显了在当地社区开展针对性健康教育的必要性，特别是关于正确清洗技术的重要性。风险管理策略，包括改善污染控制和提高公众意识，对于尽量减少接触这些有害元素至关重要，尤其是对于儿童等弱势群体。
